How might the size of the NPV of a project or the magnitude of a project's IRR be interpreted as an offset to a project's risk?

How might the size of the NPV of a project or the magnitude of a project’s IRR be interpreted as an offset to a project’s risk? Find a real-world example of a situation in which a firm had a real option for a project, and discuss the implications of this for the NPV of the project. Discuss the concept of a firm’s “target” capital structure. How might this be determined? Why do retained earnings have a cost? What is the appropriate tax rate to use for a firm? How would this be determined?

IRR approach might favor small projects that have got high returns while the NPV approachfavors the investment that is making the investor the most money. It is better to accept lowreturns on a...