HSA 535 Mid Term Part 2 (All are correct)

Question 1

Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology?

Answer

To describe the health status of the population

To fund new public health programs

To explain the etiology of disease

To predict the occurrence of disease

To control the distribution of disease

Question 2

Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to an epidemiologic approach)?

Answer

Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient

Description of seasonal trends in disease occurrence

Examination of disease occurrence among population groups

Demonstration of geographic variations in disease frequency

Question 3

Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)?

Answer

Description of a single individual’s symptoms

Surveillance of a population

Treatment of a patient with diagnosed illness

A and C

Question 4

The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for (give the best answer):

Answer

tracking down unusual disease outbreaks in the United States and foreign countries.

collecting routine epidemiologic data for local health departments.

printing epidemiologic reports for members of the community.

reporting suspicious bioterrorism agents to governmental agencies.

Question 5

Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect:

Answer

seasonal variations in cases of influenza.

the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.

long-term changes in mortality trends.

both A and B

Question 6

John Snow, author of Snow on Cholera:

Answer

was the father of modern biostatistics.

established postulates for transmission of infectious disease.

was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments.

argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria.

Question 7

In the Yearly Mortality Bill for 1632, consumption referred to:

Answer

dysentery

tuberculosis

smallpox

edema

Question 8

Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by nutritional counseling for pregnant women Answer

Primary Prevention Active

Primary Prevention Passive

Secondary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention

Question 9

In 1900, the death rate per 100,000 members of the population for influenza and pneumonia (I & P) was 202.2; it was 22.4 in 2003. How much did the death rate due to I & P decline?

Answer

100%

1000%

90%

9000%

Question 10

Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by screening for breast cancer

Answer

Primary Prevention Active

Primary Prevention Passive

Secondary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention

Question 11

Using epidemiology for operational research involves:

Answer

study of community health services

study of risks to the individual

study of disease syndromes

study of disease symptoms

Question 12

The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is:

Answer

primary prevention means control of causal factors, while secondary prevention means control of symptoms.

primary prevention means control of acute disease, while secondary prevention means control of chronic disease.

primary prevention means control of causal factors, while secondary prevention means early detection and treatment of disease.

primary prevention means increasing resistance to disease, while secondary prevention means decreasing exposure to disease.

Question 13

Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by half-way houses for persons recovering from addiction

Answer

Primary Prevention Active

Primary Prevention Passive

Secondary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention

Question 14

Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by pasteurization of milk

Answer

Primary Prevention Active

Primary Prevention Passive

Secondary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention

Question 15

An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:

Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month 12,000 Roller-skating injuries in Metroville 600 Total number of residents injured from roller-skating 1,800 Total number of deaths from roller-skating 90 Total number of deaths from all causes 900

The cause-specific mortality rate from roller-skating was:

Answer

90/600 × 100,000

90/100,000 × 100,000

90/1,800 × 100,000

90/900 × 100,000

Question 16

Blood pressure measurements on adult males 30-39 years of age were obtained in a survey of a representative sample of Twin Cities households. To compare the frequency of hypertension in the white and non-white population surveyed, the most appropriate measure is the: Answer

incidence rate

prevalence

race-specific incidence rate

race-specific prevalence

race-specific age-adjusted prevalence Question 17

Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, particularly for chronic disease. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data? Answer

This is a use primarily for incidence data.

This is a use primarily for prevalence data.

This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.

This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data.

Question 18

Estimating the frequency of exposure. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?

Answer

This is a use primarily for incidence data.

This is a use primarily for prevalence data.

This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.

This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data.

Question 19

The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by: Answer

the mortality rate from that disease in the 0-4 age group.

a spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year.

the period prevalence for that disease during the past year.

the incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time.

Question 20

To express the burden or extent of some condition or attribute in a population. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?

Answer

This is a use primarily for incidence data.

This is a use primarily for prevalence data.

This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.

This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data.

Question 21

The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?

Answer

This is a use primarily for incidence data.

This is a use primarily for prevalence data.

This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.

This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data.

Question 22

Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate?

Answer

4,000/500,000 × 1,000

4,000/450,000 × 1,000

4,000/950,000 × 1,000

4,003/950,000 × 1,000

3,997/950,000 × 1,000

Question 23

Age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences:

Answer

Rates for males are higher than rates for females from birth to age 85 and older.

Rates for females are higher than rates for males from birth to age 85 and older.

Rates for males are higher than rates for females from age 6 to age 85 and older.

Rates for males are equal to rates for females during the first 5 years of life.

Question 24

A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following?

Answer

Positive declaration

Negative declaration

Implicit question

Explicit question

Question 25

Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include:

Answer

greater risk taking by women

greater frequency of smoking among men

higher prevalence of coronary-prone behavior among women

less frequency of smoking among men

Question 26

Lung cancer mortality among women is increasing faster than among men. What factor(s) would most likely account for this increased cancer rate?

Answer

Younger women are smoking more.

Older women are smoking more.

Women are smoking less.

Men are smoking more Question 27

Descriptive epidemiology has the following characteristics (Choose the incorrect option): Answer

provides the basis for planning and evaluation of health services.

allows causal inference from descriptive data.

allows comparisons by age, sex, and race.

uses case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies.

identifies problems to be studied by analytic methods.

Question 28

Studies of nativity and migration have reported that:

Answer

admission rates of foreign-born persons to mental hospitals were lower than for native-born persons

diseases found in less developed regions are no longer a problem in the United States

immunization programs in developing countries have been highly successful

some migrants have inadequate immunization status with respect to vaccine-preventable diseases

Question 29

Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the downward-drift hypothesis for schizophrenia?

Answer

The conditions of life in lower-class society favor its development.

The conditions of life in upper-class society favor its development.

The illness leads to the clustering of psychosis in the impoverished areas of a city.

The illness is associated with increases in creative talents, which contribute to wealth-enhancing achievements.

Question 30

Which of Mill’s four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor?

Answer

Difference

Agreement

Concomitant variation

Residues