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Public Health’s Impact [WLOs: 1, 3] [CLOs: 1, 2, 5]

This week’s required readings demonstrate that public health has advanced a tremendous distance in the past one hundred years. Prior to beginning work on this discussion, please read Chapter 1 from Introduction to Health Care Management and Chapter 1 from Public Health: What It Is and How It Works. Please read the article Triangulating on Success: Innovation, Public Health, Medical Care, and Cause-Specific US Mortality Over a Half Century (1950-2000)Links to an external site., and examine the following chart:

Mortality Success Due to Public Health and Medical InnovationTYPE OF MEASUREPERCENTAGE IMPROVEMENTLife expectancy at birth (1900 – 2000)60.3Infant mortality rate (1900 – 2000)93.7Life Expectancy at birth (1950 – 2000)12.6Life expectancy after age 65 (1950 – 2000)26.6CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY* (1950 – 2000)Infant Mortality76.4Heart Disease56.1Stroke66.3Unintentional Injuries55.3Influenza and Pneumonia50.7Tuberculosis91.4Uterine and Cervical Cancer72.5Stomach and Gastric Cancer81.0

* Age-Adjusted

Adapted from Triangulating on Success: Innovation, Public Health, Medical Care, and Cause-Specific US Mortality Over a Half Century (1950-2000).

What public health innovations and leaders from your readings can you attribute to the improvements shown in the table? Highlight three measures from the table and two individuals that you feel have been the most impactful in improving quality of life in the United States. You must provide at least one credible source for each measure that ties directly to one of the outcomes shown in the table for the individuals. Scholarly sources are not required.

The following examples are not eligible for you to use:

• Dr. Charles Drew’s pioneering work demonstrated through science that blood from all races and ethnicities was acceptable for donations and transfusions. Before his efforts, only someone of your own race was allowed to donate or receive your blood. This meant white citizens would receive “white blood,” and African Americans would receive what was called “Negro blood.” His work alone saved millions of lives, which resulted in increased life expectancy and reduced deaths from unintentional injuries.
• The story of Henrietta Lacks describes how she unknowingly had her tumor cells cultured to reveal that her cells were unique in that they were essentially “immortal.” Today, HeLa cells are used throughout the world to test new cancer and disease treatments which have helped treat and cure many diseases. Her story became the film, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Her cells have allowed researchers to develop cures and treatments for countless diseases resulting in increased life expectancy and improved cancer outcomes.
• Dr. Margaret Chan became the first woman elected as the head of the Department of Health in Hong Kong. She went on to become the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO). Her work in Hong Kong prevented the further spread of the avian flu and SARS outbreaks. It also established the first real-time disease surveillance system for that territory. During her time at the WHO, she focused on improving health access for the people of Africa and creating specific health treatment centers for women of that continent. She closed her time at the WHO by creating the Health Emergencies Programme to speed response times during deadly outbreaks. The efforts have reduced disease and improved outcomes for millions of individuals worldwide.
• Blake Mycoskie is the founder of TOMS. He is credited with being the creator of social entrepreneurship in that his company donates items of need for every item they sell. For example, when launched, his company would donate a pair to a person in need for every pair of TOMS shoes purchased. Through 2019 the company donated more than 95,000,000 pairs of shoes. In 2021, the company recently shifted to monetary donations to charities supported by purchasers. In 2020, they donated more than $2,000,000 to COVID relief efforts. While Mr. Mycoskie’s efforts are not tied directly to any organization, his concept of working for the greater good is in line with public health goals. His efforts cannot be directly linked to life-saving measures. However, his company’s financial contributions and donated shoes increase both quality of life and reduce morbidity severity.  In your post, you will try to identify leaders from underrepresented groups in public health or health care who have been impactful in improving quality-of-life in the United States. This will highlight individuals who are often overlooked or whose contributions have been falsely attributed to white male physicians or scientists