In which, if any, of the following independent situations has Fred made a gift?

a. Fred established a revocable trust, income payable to himself for life and, upon his death, remainder to his children. b. Fred dies owning a U.S. savings bond with ownership listed as: “Fred, payable to Sue on Fred’s death.” Sue redeems the bond. c. Fred sends $25,000 to Alice’s oral surgeon in payment of her dental implants. Alice is Fred’s sister and does not qualify as his dependent. d. Fred pays Eva $800,000 in a pre-nuptial settlement of her marital rights. One month later Fred and Eva are married. e. None of the above.