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Need an argumentative essay on Sources of Meningococcal Infection. Needs to be 14 pages. Please no plagiarism.Download file to see previous pages... See Module Guide for information. As a guide this a
Need an argumentative essay on Sources of Meningococcal Infection. Needs to be 14 pages. Please no plagiarism.
Download file to see previous pages...See Module Guide for information. As a guide this assessment should required 24h-48h of student effort). Where required answers must be presented in the format given (e.g. tabular, with all workings etc as stipulated). Literature in addition to the module textbook will need to be consulted. Referencing: details of all reference sources must be correctly presented throughout the answer texts and at the end – and remember that you must not plagiarise. Do not copy word-for-word or quote from sources, but write using your own words. .His neck was supple and he had an impressive, non-blanching purpuric rash prominently on his trunk, wrists and legs. Meningococcal septicaemia due to Neisseria meningitidis was suspected, confirmed by blood cultures showing Gram-negative diplococci. A lumbar puncture was considered. Antibiotic therapy was started before the results from the lab were available and he recovered well. Questions: 1. What are the likely sources of meningococcal infection? 2 marks [Few sentences] Neisseria meningitidis colonizes the nasopharyngeal mucosa of as much as 10 percent of the population, mostly young adults. These individuals act as asymptomatic carriers and have the bacteria present in nasopharyngeal secretions. Pathogenic strains can cause invasive infection in the individual after colonization and invading the mucosa to access the bloodstream. The bacteria are transferred from asymptomatic carriers to non-immune persons through droplets of nasopharyngeal secretions or by direct contact (kissing) (Brandtzaeg and van Deuren, 2012). 2. Neisseria meningitidis is the most common cause of meningitis.Using HPA (Health Protection Agency) data plot your own graph comparing UK serotype data over the 10 years up to 2009/10. Comment on these data. 4 marks [2/3rd page, including graph] Health Protection Agency, 2011. The plot shows an overall declining trend in the incidence of meningitis by its three most common serotypes between 2001-2010. Serotype B was responsible for the majority of cases, with annual incidences in the thousands range, while serotypes C and W135 had less than 400 cases per year. This pattern can be explained by the widespread immunisation available against N. meningitides, but the vaccine does not protect against the B serotype. An outbreak of serotype B meningitis occurred in 2005 with a surge in the number of cases. The remaining serotypes – Y, and others that were not typed (and cannot be depicted in above graph due to small number), had a total incidence of about or less than 100/year. 3. Briefly consider a more world-wide perspective of meningococcal disease. 2 marks [? page] An estimated 500,000 cases of meningococcal disease occur globally each year, with a mortality rate of about 10%. The predominant serotype varies by region, with serogroup A causing outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa, and it has caused outbreaks in New Zealand, China, Nepal.
