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************** *** ******** ********** ** ******************* of ************************************************ ********* ********* **** variations ** ******** ****** ******* *** **** ********* ******** ** dominate *** poor ********* continue to struggle *** ******** countries like ******* ****** ******* ******* Republic and ***** face **** problems **** tend to ****** ******** ******* ********* have ****** **** **** ** *** ********** ********* *** leadership ***** ** ********* ******** **** support ****** Besides ********** ******** **** affected ****** as **** ** the time; ** *** ******* been ******** ** ********** ****** **** *** ****** internal ** external *** ******** ** *** situation *** **** ******** ********** ********* **** ** China ******* *** ******** ******** *** to *** policies **** foster economic ******** An ********** ** the ******** economic growth ***** **** ***** ** * ************ *** ******* *** poor *** rich ********* ******* the ******* ** poor ********* ******** up rich ********* *** **** a ************ ****** of time **** the ********* ******** the ******* ******** Poor ********* **** the ******* ** production that support ******** growth and thus ****** ************* ** ******** ** the ********* ******** the ******** run ** ** ************* *********** ** the **** ********* *** *** ****** ** ***** ** with *** **** countries ** *** *** capita incomes tends to grow ** a ****** **** ** ******** ** *** ****** economies ********* (Cohen ***** ** * ****** **** will not ******** ***** on the *** ****** *********************** ** ******** ****** and ************** GDP ** * total ****** value ********** *** final ***** that *** ******** by *** ******* ** assessment ** *** **** ***** **** *** **** countries **** **** ****** progress ** ******** ****** ******* *** ***** ** **** ** **** *** ******** *** GDP per ****** of ****** ** **** was ****** ** ** notable **** **** *** ***** *** experienced declines ** economic ****** The ********* ***** **** *** ******* ** not ******** Figures ** **** indicate **** *** ******* *** ***** ** a smaller ********** as ******** ** the rich ********* The ******** *** between rich *** **** countries ** ** vast ******* **** ***** the *** in *** ******** ****** ** *** rich countries has ******* ****** **** 2016) **** is in stark ******** to *** **** ********* **** ** *** Central African ******** Benin ***** economic *** is not wideIndeed *** **** countries **** ** China ******* and **** ****** **** * financial ****** *** ********* economic ************ that make ** ******** The **** ********* **** **** ********* **** **** countries *** economic gain ********** ***** **** economic ****** is determined *** *** factors ** production The factors of ********** ******* *** ******* ********* capital ** **** as ***** ********* *** ***** ************ ******* are derived **** *** ******* ** ********** *** ******** of ************ *** created * *** ******* the **** *** poor countries ** **** ******* rich ********* **** a ******* ** ************ **** ****** an ********* *** *** ********** ** well ** *** ****** The existence ** ************ **** as open ******* ****** * ******** *** *** ********** ** ***** *** ******** This ** turn results in ********** ****** ******* & ***** ***** **** a phenomenon *** been ****** exploited by rich countries ***** **** plenty ** ************ that contribute to ******** ******************* ***** ** ********** *** pillar ** the rich countries ******** ** *** ***** ******* of ********** ******* in ****** ******** growth **** **** ********* **** ** Benin ******* ******* ******** *** *** *********** stable ***** barriers **** limited ********* from ****** as **** ** *** have the ********* ** ***** ** ***** ********* *** *** *** ****** ***** ** be *** *** to *** *********** **** *** country ***** *********** *** ** ******** **** ***** is *** ******* ** ***** ******** ******* *** rich *** poor ********* ******* this ** estimated ** **** * considerable ****** ** **** ** *** ****** *************** **** favor ****** *** poor ********* ****** catch up **** **** ********* when ********* *** ******** ****** ****** unresolved ******* ********** **** ** ** initiated ** ******* ****** *** ********** ******** *** be ******** **** *** **** countries ******** *** foreign ****** ** *** *** ** **** ** ****** ** ********** expenditure ** *** **** ********* ****** ***** **** they reap ******** ******* the ************* ******** ** *** ***** *** ******** ********************* per ****** ******* prices(US dollars *** ******************************** datano data594513Albania8322457173813944876Algeria270511116587324153322Angola7695635990774354921Antigua *** Barbuda545527796783152192Argentina379075289188261489532Armeniano ************************ **************************************************************************************** ************************ ******************************************************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************************************************************************************* and ************* ****************************************************************************** ******************************************************************* Faso291129229493575621Burundi231932157054294496Cabo *************************************************************************************************************** ******* Republic465181285804330563Chad261657252174946877Chile174388957436451357197China ******** ******** ******************************************************************************* Dem *** ** *************************** ******** *************************** ********************************* ************************************************ ********** data5993003177287Côte d'Ivoire9806957847151397297Denmark21349953289757534785Djiboutino ****************************************************** ************************************************************************************ ************************************** ********************************** ************************* data36238111742121Eswatini1172282105168373031Ethiopia256699152171702767Fiji16782052677231499577Finland186320824744564250591France167939625028473793785Gabon424595550680937453113Gambia The6917429082869301Georgiano *************************************************************************************************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************************************************************* **** SAR8980832721464232171Hungary258247145908351248723Iceland227956428090865283836India356246434709163969Indonesia56290213081143367691Iran5465153041224723476Iraqno ****** **************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** ************************************************************************* Republic of351100112131892710508Kosovono datano ******************************************** ********** data3733741109428Lao ****************************** ******************************************************************************** datano *********************************************** data28307511429914Luxembourg22239524438217101665Macao ***** datano data70133Madagascar242877247437400348Malawi232783414359353507Malaysia2041024941362951181Maldives76982425539491178109Mali290075325445772639Malta487864191117432433683Marshall ********* ****************************** *********************************************************************************** *** ****** **** ************************** *************************** data5961013842536Montenegrono ****** *************************************************************************** ****** data1219478Namibiano ************************* ****** data8055542Nepal18161235992747161Netherlands168079226733014520577New Zealand111225218115853774188Nicaraguano data9171062073494Niger32589318169411122Nigeriano data17133752763196North *********** data19804294860421Norway22445073656086742807Oman448891669651971824381Pakistan4450686415661424954Palauno ****** ****************************************** *** ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* ************************************************************************************* ************ *********************************************** ***** and ******************************* ****************************** Vincent *** the ************************************** ****** ************* ******** datano **************** ************************************************************ data29259275585117Seychelles363898872809291478612Sierra *********************************************************** ********** **************************** data10463462090467Solomon Islands5237713034151971553South ******************************** ***** ******** **** ****** **************************************** ********************************************************* ************************************************************************************************* dataSão ***** *** Príncipe11207923511281555969Taiwan Province of ************************************* ********************************************************************************* ****** **************************************************************** *** ************************************************************************************************ data6147676432669Tuvaluno ****** ******************************************** data10378932124619United Arab *********************************** Kingdom142949926647954449486United ****************************************************************** ****************************************************************************************************** data4185261507171Zambia3322684407011310354Zimbabweno ************************* ************ ********* selected for ******** include ***** Germany *** the ****** ****** ** **** ********* while the poor countries ******* Central ******* ******** ***** and Uganda In **** *** *** *** the country was ******** **** at **** *** ****** ***** *** country ****** *** ***** ******** ***** **** ** **** its *** *** ** 285 ***** ** * ************ ********* *********** *** *** withdrawal ** ****** peacekeeping ****** The 215 ********* also created * **** economic environment hence the *** *** ** **** ****** *** * ****** ******* ** 1987 ***** *** high *** of ******* *** **** ** ******* ***** ** a ***** of ************* that ******** the ruthless *** **** ** **** *** *** **** to $646894 ** the ******* *** ****** leadership ***** * ****** ********* ********* GDP *** $391603 ** 1987 ********* to ******* ** **** due ** * ************ ****** ******** from ****** ********* growth is *********** **** ** became *** of *** **** ****** *********** ** ****** and * key ******* *********** ** ** **** ***** the **** *** ** **************** *** was ** *** as ******* *** to the ********** ** ************* ************** **** ***** *** ** 1989 China *** * *** of ******* in 1997 ******* *** positive ****** ** ****** **** Kong ** *** ******* ** ******** ***** China *** * *** ** ******** ** 2015 which *** ********** *** for the period ** ********* stock ****** *** ************ ******** ******* ** **** year ******* had * low *** ** ********* ** 1987 since ** *** embroiled ** *** **** war which *** * split ** **** *** **** ******* ********* *** economic ******** Germany’s **** *** was ******* *** ********* in *** ***** *** ************* **** ****** *********** **** the ****** ****** *** ** ****** of ******** The ****** States *** * GDP of ********* ** 1987 ***** was ****** **** with *** **** *** with Russia *** ******* *** doing **** 1997 **** ********* ***** ********* the **** ******** ******* ** that year hence *** GDP ** ******** The ****** ****** *** * *** ** ********* ***** ********* its ******* ****** ** *** *********** ******* ***** ********* same-sex *********** *** ********* **** unique ******** ****** ***** ** ***** ********* ideologies ******* African ******** ** *** ******* of *** three ********* ***** ** ****** ** ******** crisis as * ****** ** ********* crisis ***** ** ******* in its economic stability with *** ** *** ********* stability ** * functioning democracy ****** ********* ** ******* ******** ****** ***** it is *** a ******** ********* ******* ********* to grow as * ******* ******* ******* ********* *** ****** ****** ***** is * growing ******* **** **** is *** ****** ******* ********** *** ********* Most ** *** ******* ** state owned **** * *** ******** businesses **** a major ***** ********* ** *** ********* eliteData AnalysisThe ********* have * ********** ************ ** *** ***** ** the ******* ** ******** **** most ******* * ******* in *** ****** phase **** *** the ******* ****** probably ***** ** *** high ********** and ************* **** ** *** **** ********* exhibit ******** ****** **** **** ***** *** **** ********* *** ****** *** country with *** **** *********** change ** ***** ***** it ****** at *** **** ***** ** **** ********* ** become * rich state Growth **** ****************** *** Plots  The *** **** *** ********* ***** *************** *** **** ******** **** poor ********* **** ********* ****** ***** ***** rich countries ********* ** ******* *********** ********** ****** **** **** countries have ** **** *** same ********** ** **** ********* ** ***** ** ** *********** *************** *********** ******** that **** ********* **** ***** ** with **** countries ** ********** without *** change ** ********** ** this case ************ convergance ******* ***** ***** ** non-convergance ** the poor ********* have *** ******* *** ********** ***** ** *** **** ******* ******* * convergance **** *** **** countries which only happened **** the ******* ******* *** political conditions ** ****** *************************** *** gap ******* *** **** and poor ********* ******** economic ****** that favors **** ********* ********* *** *********** **** ***** ** *** ******** growth **** ******* the **** and **** countries is linked ** *** ******* of production Besides the *********** ** the TFP also ******* the capital resources ** well ** ***** productivity **** ********* have *** ******** ****** ** compared ** the **** ********* ***** ******** growth is ****** *** ** **** ******* in ****** ************ **** countries are *********** ** ************ **** ********** both innovation *** production The **** ********* access ************* trade ***** offers * market *** ************* ***** a ****** ***** the **** ********* lack ************* trade ***** ** ****** ** ******* ** **** ** resources *** *** Unconditional *********** ** this ********* ****** ** the **** countries do *** **** resources to ****** *** ******** growth *********************** * * ****** *********** in ******** ****** between Rich *** Poor Countries: A *** ******** ********* ** **** 2741638World **** "Poverty and Shared Prosperity ***** Taking ** ********* 2016 * ** ************************************************************************* * R & ***** E * ****** *** **** ********* *** Rich *** *** **** ********* Stay Poor/Uneven ***** ** ************ ********** and Learning ** Asia *** Africa Institutions *** ********* ********************* *** Economic GrowthName ** ******************* of Affiliation:          IntroductionMost sovereign ********* **** variations ** ******** ****** ******* *** **** ********* ******** to ******** the **** ********* ******** ** ******** *** ******** ********* **** ******* ****** ******* ******* ******** *** ***** **** **** ******** **** tend ** ****** ******** ******* ********* have ****** **** **** ** *** ********** structure *** ********** ***** ** implement policies that ******* ****** ******* ********** ******** have affected growth ** most ** *** time; ** has ******* **** ******** ** continuous ****** **** are ****** ******** or ******** The ******** ** the ********* *** been economic ********** ********* **** ** ***** ******* *** ******** ******** *** ** *** ******** **** ****** ******** ******** ** assessment ** *** long-run economic ****** ***** **** there ** * ************ gap ******* the **** *** **** countries ******* the chances ** poor countries ******** ** rich ********* *** **** * considerable amount of time when the ********* ******** *** correct ******** **** ********* lack *** ******* of ********** that support ******** growth and **** ****** ************* ** analysis ** the situation ******** *** ******** *** ** ** unconditional *********** ** *** **** countries are *** likely to ***** up with the **** ********* ** *** *** ****** ******* ***** ** grow ** a ****** **** ** compared to *** ****** ********* ********* (Cohen ***** As * result **** **** *** converge ***** on *** per ****** *********************** ** ******** ****** *** ************** GDP as * ***** ****** value represents *** ***** goods that *** produced by any country An assessment ** *** **** ***** **** the **** ********* have **** little ******** ** ******** ****** ******* *** ***** ** **** ** **** *** instance the *** per capita ** ****** ** **** *** ****** It is ******* **** **** the years *** *********** declines in economic ****** *** variation ***** that *** country is *** ******** Figures of **** ******** **** *** ******* *** ***** by * smaller ********** as ******** ** *** rich ********* *** ******** *** ******* rich and **** ********* ** ** vast ******* **** ***** *** *** ** *** ******** ****** ** *** **** countries *** ******* (World **** ***** **** ** in stark ******** ** *** poor ********* such ** the ******* ******* Republic Benin ***** economic *** ** not wideIndeed *** rich countries **** as China ******* *** even ****** **** * ********* muscle *** ********* economic ************ **** make it ******** The **** countries **** **** resources from **** ********* *** ******** **** ********** ***** **** ******** ****** ** determined *** the ******* ** ********** *** factors ** ********** include *** ******* resources capital ** well ** ***** resources *** ***** ************ ******* *** ******* **** *** factors ** ********** *** presence ** ************ *** ******* a *** ******* *** **** and **** ********* ** **** ******* **** ********* **** * ******* of institutions **** ****** ** incentive for *** ********** ** **** ** *** people *** ********* ** ************ **** ** **** ******* ****** a ******** *** *** production of ***** *** services This ** **** ******* ** continuous growth ******* ***** Gomez ***** **** * ********** *** **** ****** exploited ** **** countries ***** **** ****** of ************ **** ********** to ******** growthInternational trade ** ********** the ****** of *** rich countries ******** ** *** ***** ******* ** ********** ******* ** ****** ******** ****** **** **** ********* such ** ***** Central ******* ******** are *** *********** ****** ***** ******** **** ******* ********* **** ****** ** they ** *** have the ********* ** ***** in ***** ********* The *** *** ****** tends ** ** low *** to the constraints **** *** ******* ***** *********** *** be ******** **** ***** ** *** ******* ** trade barriers ******* *** **** *** **** ********* However **** ** ********* ** **** * ************ amount ** **** as *** ****** *************** **** ***** ****** *** **** countries ****** ***** ** **** rich countries when political and ******** issues remain unresolved Massive strategies **** ** ** ********* ** ******* ****** *** convergent tendency *** be resolved **** *** **** countries ******** *** foreign ****** ** *** *** as **** ** ****** ** ********** *********** ** *** poor ********* (Cohen 2016) **** **** **** ******** ******* the ************* ******** of *** goods *** ******** ********************* per ****** current ********* ******* per capita)198719972015Afghanistanno ****** ************************************************************************************************ *** **************************************************************** ************************ data17751072468616Australia129737422990445149396Austria160930226737484426641Azerbaijanno ************************ ******************************************************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************************************************************************************* *** ************* data1220094584264Botswana191511330256996538616Brazil20867045323828846376Brunei ******************************************************************* *************************************************** *************************************************************************************************************** African ******************************************************************************* People's ******** of3021997808548166756Colombia157257732915816088678Comoros49397418543742284Congo Dem Rep ** *************************** ******** of10790738754122067086Costa ********************************* data5243581177901Cyprus71883114324092324819Czech ********** ********************** **************************************************************** ****************************************************** ************************************************************************************ Salvador47395317838933628058Equatorial ********************************** ************************* data36238111742121Eswatini1172282105168373031Ethiopia256699152171702767Fiji16782052677231499577Finland186320824744564250591France167939625028473793785Gabon424595550680937453113Gambia The6917429082869301Georgiano data7960513759598Germany153532227253134141517Ghana9069739450881753851Greece657787813484141811472Grenada21635138783919333271Guatemala7557531479006392356Guineano ******************************************************************************************************************************* Kong *************************************************************************************************************************************************************** datano **************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** data14570251043476Kenya56904507781453296Kiribati10809288390861556496Korea ******** ******************************* ****** ******************************************** ********** ******************** ****************************** data26695691358768Lebanon124279250198598540387Lesotho313975559111179115Liberiano ****** data764411Libya581561174249492719954Lithuaniano ***************************************************** ***** ****** data70133Madagascar242877247437400348Malawi232783414359353507Malaysia2041024941362951181Maldives76982425539491178109Mali290075325445772639Malta487864191117432433683Marshall Islandsno data21855373363371Mauritaniano data5672231154982Mauritius182743137036329258563Mexico20503295148079673643Micronesia *** States ofno data1944213080327Moldovano *************************** data5961013842536Montenegrono ****** *************************************************************************** datano ******************** data21437265160201Nauruno datano ******************************************************************** *************************************** ************************************************ *********************** *********** data19804294860421Norway22445073656086742807Oman448891669651971824381Pakistan4450686415661424954Palauno ****** data1659725Panama25716273731099136066Papua New ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* ************************************************************************************* ************ *********************************************** ***** *** ******************************* ****************************** ******* *** the ************************************** ****** data414936San ******** ****** **************** ************************************************************ data29259275585117Seychelles363898872809291478612Sierra *********************************************************** Republicno data40697451619778Sloveniano ************************* ******************************* ******************************** ***** ******** **** ****** data1051185Spain816705714746422584969Sri ********************************************************* ************************************************************************************************* dataSão ***** *** *********************************** ******** ** ************************************* ********************************************************************************* ****** data26203Togo463246425029563759Tonga10810192254233402172Trinidad and Tobago408314746297261847034Tunisia138240822108093827641Turkey225988742205951091489Turkmenistanno data6147676432669Tuvaluno ****** ******************************************** ************************ **** Emirates216440729523493738057United Kingdom142949926647954449486United States20000973144009567704Uruguay263702172959891536596Uzbekistanno ****************************************************************************************************** **************************************************** ************************* CountriesThe ********* ******** for ******** ******* China ******* *** the ****** States ** **** ********* ***** *** **** ********* ******* ******* ******* Republic ***** and ****** ** 1987 *** *** *** *** ******* was slightly **** ** **** *** ****** ***** the ******* ****** its ***** election ***** **** ** **** its *** was at *** ***** ** * ************ political *********** and *** ********** ** ****** ************ troops The *** ********* also created * **** ******** *********** ***** the *** GDP ** **** Uganda *** * stable ******* in 1987 hence *** **** *** ** $592632 *** fell to ******* owing ** * sting ** ************* **** included *** ******** *** **** In **** *** GDP rose ** $646894 as *** ******* has ****** leadership under a ****** president ********* *** *** ******* in 1987 ********* ** ******* in 1997 *** to * humanitarian crisis ******** **** ****** Benin’s ****** ** *********** **** ** became *** of the **** ****** *********** ** ****** *** * *** ******* *********** ** of **** ***** the **** *** of **************** *** *** ** *** as $302199 *** ** *** ********** ** pro-democracy ************** **** ***** *** ** 1989 ***** *** a *** of ******* in **** ******* *** ******** impact of ****** **** **** ** *** control ** ******** ***** China had * *** ** ******** in **** ***** *** ********** *** *** *** ****** ** ********* ***** market *** ************ ******** ******* in **** year Germany *** * *** GDP ** ********* ** **** ***** it *** embroiled ** *** **** *** which *** a ***** ** **** *** **** ******* ********* the ******** ******** Germany’s **** *** *** ******* *** $41415169 in 215 which *** ************* **** ****** allegations **** *** United ****** *** ** ****** ** refugees *** ****** ****** *** * *** ** ********* ** 1987 ***** *** ****** down **** the **** *** **** Russia *** economy was ***** **** 1997 with ********* ***** ********* *** most ******** ******* ** **** **** ***** the *** of 31440087 *** ****** ****** *** * GDP ** ********* ***** ********* *** ******* ideals as *** *********** supreme ***** legalized ******** *********** *** countries **** ****** ******** ****** ***** ** their ********* ideologies ******* African ******** is the poorest of *** three ********* ***** ** facing ** ******** crisis ** * ****** ** political crisis ***** ** ******* ** *** ******** stability **** due ** its ********* ********* as a functioning ********* ****** continues ** undergo ******** issues since ** is not * ******** ********* Germany ********* ** **** as a ******* ******* ******* alongside *** United States ***** is * ******* economy **** **** is *** ****** ******* ********** *** socialism **** ** *** ******* ** ***** ***** with * *** ******** ********** **** * ***** share ********* ** *** political ********* AnalysisThe ********* **** * ********** distribution at the ***** ** *** ******* in ******** **** **** ******* a ******* in *** second ***** **** *** *** ******* ****** probably ***** ** the high ********** *** globalization **** of *** poor ********* ******* ******** trends **** **** while *** **** ********* *** stable *** country with the **** *********** ****** ** ***** ***** ** starts ** the same ***** ** **** ********* ** become * **** ************* **** Boxplots  Income *** Plots  The *** **** the ********* ***** *************** *** **** ountries **** **** ********* **** ********* ****** ***** ***** **** ********* continuee ** prosper *********** ********** ****** **** **** ********* **** ** **** the same ********** ** rich ********* ** ***** ** ** *********** *************** convergance ******** **** poor ********* **** catch ** **** poor ********* in eventualiy ******* *** ****** ** conditions ** **** case ************ *********** ******* ***** ***** is *************** as the **** ********* **** *** changed *** ********** ***** ** the **** ******* ******* * convergance **** *** rich ********* ***** only happened **** *** country ******* its ********* conditions ** ****** stable  ConclusionClosing *** *** ******* *** **** and poor ********* ******** ******** ****** **** ****** less developed ********* *** *********** that ***** ** *** economic ****** **** ******* *** poor *** **** ********* ** linked ** *** ******* of production ******* *** *********** ** *** TFP **** ******* *** ******* resources ** **** ** ***** ************ Poor ********* have *** ******** ****** ** compared to the **** ********* ***** ******** growth ** faster *** ** turn ******* ** ****** ************ **** ********* *** *********** of ************ that ********** **** innovation *** ********** *** **** ********* ****** international ***** ***** offers * ****** *** ************* ***** * ****** ***** *** poor countries **** ************* ***** leads ** access to capital ** **** ** ********* for *** ************* *********** ** **** ********* ****** as *** **** countries ** *** have ********* ** ****** *** ******** ****** rate  ReferencesCohen * * ****** *********** in Economic ****** between **** *** **** Countries: * *** Analysis Available at **** ************ Bank ******** *** ****** ********** 2016: Taking ** ********* **** * ** ************************************************************************* * * ***** ***** * * ****** *** **** Countries *** **** *** *** **** ********* Stay *********** ***** ** Development: Innovation *** ******** ** **** and ****** ************ *** ********* *******

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