None of the Simpsons is feeling very motivated.

None of the Simpsons is feeling very motivated. For each of the following scenarios, indicate whether the motivation problem concerns low expectancy, low instrumentality, or low valence, and briefly explain your choice.

• Expectancy: Does the person perceive that if he exerts effort, he will be able to perform the work successfully?
• Instrumentality: Does the person perceive that outcomes are likely to be obtained if she performs successfully?
• Valence: Does the person desire the outcomes that would result from successful performance?

1. Bart earns minimum wage as a stock clerk. If he does his job well, he could very possibly get his picture and name posted in the store as the Employee of the Month. Bart's a high school student and his hunch is that if his friends see his picture on the wall of the store, he'll get teased about it mercilessly.
2. Homer became a social worker because he wanted to change the world. He works with kids from dysfunctional families and knows that he could make a big difference in their lives if only he could spend enough time with them. But it's hard to do a good job—government funds have been cut and staffing at the human services department is minimal. Homer's caseload is so large that he can only deal with crises that come up, and maybe spend five minutes per week checking in by phone with some of the kids who are assigned to him.
3. Lisa accepted a job with a large software development firm in part because the company offered plenty of opportunity for promotion. Lisa's feeling bitter though. She's noticed that the best workers aren't getting promoted—it's the "networkers" who are.