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One: How did expanding trading networks across Africa and India help facilitate the commercial expansion of both China and Europe?
One: How did expanding trading networks across Africa and India help facilitate the commercial expansion of both China and Europe?
Two: How did the expansion and conquests of the Mongols and Turks help stimulate maritime expansion in the Atlantic and Afro-Eurasia?
Three: Why did China, between 1400 and 1644, under the Ming Dynasty shift its focus from maritime expansion to defense against Mongols and other steppe tribes on its northern borders?
Four: Why did the multiple centers of Europe produce a different dynamic in maritime, trade, and military expansion between 1400 and 1700 than did the centralized empires of the Ottomans and the Mughal, and Ming Dynasties?
