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Provide a 10 pages analysis while answering the following question: Peptidoglycan and Lipoteichoic Acidinduced Cell Activation. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Sty
Provide a 10 pages analysis while answering the following question: Peptidoglycan and Lipoteichoic Acidinduced Cell Activation. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. This can eventually lead to sepsis (Alberts et al 2002a). Previous work showed that in Gram negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPN), a component of the outer membrane, activated a cell's immune response in this manner. It interacted with the Toll-like receptors types 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) present on host cell membranes (Kirschning et al 1998, Poltorak et al 1998, Quereshi et al 1999). The authors in this paper demonstrate how the components of Gram positive bacterial cell membranes stimulate cell activation through TLR2.
The invasion of an organism's blood stream with bacteria often results in sepsis. Invasive bacteria will activate the host cell's immune system. Sepsis results from the inability of the immune system to limit bacterial spread during an infection. The inhibitory mechanisms controlling inflammation are over-ridden by the huge bacterial load on the cell. Inflammation during sepsis will then develop into a systemic syndrome with a number of clinical symptoms such as tissue injury, increased vascular permeability, dilation of blood vessels, loss of plasma volume and blood clotting, and, eventually, multi-organ failure and shock (Alberts et al 2002b, Decker 2004)).
Initially bacteria bind to host cell membranes and this stimulates the systemic release of cytokines and other inflammatory signalling molecules into the blood. (Alberts et al 2002b).
