psych essay

******* ******* was * **** ****** *********** farm *** **** ** ******* at *** ********** of Iowa ** **** City ** study ******* ** **** The class ********* *** ************* ** his tiny **** ****** ** ******* Kan ******* *** engaging ******* a ******* ** *** ********** ** *** ***** **** **** ** also ********* *********** ***** rendered ********** ** the ********** *** ********* ** ******* ******* ****** *** toward ******* and ********** *** ** ********* * ******** *** ***** humor ***** **** *** ******* ******* *** ******* ** **** ********* *** ** U **** *** most ****** center *** ********** ******** ** *** ***** ****** *** ******* speech ********* *** fighting ** ** recognized as a ******* *** **** *** *** *** ************ ******** Dozens ** *********** were ***** way when ******* ******* *** he enthusiastically ***** ******* **** *** invigorating work switching ** psychology *** *** ******** ***** ''I ****** * speech *********** ******* * ****** ***** he'd ***** ******* ** his fellow graduate ******** ********* almost as painfully as ** did and ****** *** *** ******* ** ****** pigs They'd draw blood **** ********** to ********** strike ***** ***** ** **** reflexes **** *** ********* ** ********* *** transcribe ***** *** and ******* ********* ****** They'd administer ************ *** ***** guns off **** **** ******* **** to *** ** being startled ******** ********** *** ****** ******** *** **** experiment ********* ** ****** speakers *** affect ***** speech) They'd also *** ***** ** *** another's **** ***** it *** ***** that immobilizing * person's ******** hand ******* ***** ******** ******** ***** ******* ** *** ***** ***** ** ********** including ******* ******** *** **** ****** with ***** **** wrapped in plaster ********* ******* ************ ********* **** **** that ** **** ******* on ********* ******* ** *** **** of a ***** ******* *** ** ********* ************** **** ** **** ********* **** ******* **** ********* ****** ** the *********** *** **** ********** had ****** the ******* explanation ** **** for stuttering *** ************ lead professors were ******* **** *** ******** ********** ** misdirected brain ******* **** *** **** * *** ****** ****** ** *************** ** ***** ************** ******** ** ********** ************* *** in one ********** ****** who **** ***** ********* *** ****** in the ********* of ******* *** ****** ******* *** researchers skirted *********** by ************** ******* **** *** ********** ********* The ******** **** *** ************ ******** showed ** ** ***** ******** *********** ************ **** ************* experiments ****** that ********** *** ****** ************* responses ********* from ***** of ***** ************* peersBut ******* ** 1937 ** ********* ********* ********* ****** convinced *** life story ********* otherwise **** ****** **** ***** ** *** * ** * when * ******* mentioned to *** ******* **** ** *** ******** ** ******* ********* ** obsession **** his ****** took **** *** voice **** hesitant He self-consciously ******** sounds Those ** course *** among *** ********* ** ********** By worrying ***** *** problem ** decided **** ******** it *** ******** *** *** in *** brain in ******* *** ** *** ******* behavior ********** ** ***** ********* ******** *** in *** child's ***** but ** the ******** ************* reading *** **** storyThis **** was provocative and ******** **** ******** ************ *** ****** ******* If stuttering is ******* behavior it *** be unlearned ********* ******* isn't ***** ******* ** ******** *** ****** needed ** design an ********** **** induced ********** ** he ******** *** *** ***** ***** ***** ** made ** stutter then ********* no underlying ************* ****** *** ******** If ********** could be ****** forth ** ****** ********** ** ***** be ****** ** * ******* *********** ********** the **** ** **** ******* Johnson ********* *** ** *** ******** psychology graduate ******** 22-year-old Mary ***** *** *** **** *** ******** ** undertake exactly that ********** *** *** to ***** ******* ******* nonstuttering children **** **** ********* ***** make it ** ***** *** **** ******** **** * speech defect? The ********** *** ** ongoing ******** ************ with ** ********* ** ********* Iowa so ******* ********* she **** *** ***** ***** And **** on *** ** 1939 **** Tudor ***** ***** *** **** ******** ****** *********** *** *********** ***** ** *** ******** *** Sailors ******** **** She toted notepads *********** a ******* *********** (to ******* hand ********* and * ********** ************* ***** she ***** **** ******* is now the subject ** a ******************* lawsuit ******* *** ***** ** Iowa and *** University of Iowa Despite its *********** provenance ** *** ********** * spate ** ****** articles ** ********** and *************** journals *** * ******** symposium ** *** ******** ****** ** *** **** University ** *** **** ** ******** ********* ******** ** *** ********* ** ********* **** ***** ** **** **** ********** ** ******* and unmeasurable by his ******* **** *** ** * remove of ******* *** ** ***** ** digest *** ********** **** *** ***** ***** ***** ** ***** *** ******* ** ****** ******* ** **** ** *** ****** ** science *** brittleness of children *** *** **** of ****** menThe Iowa ******** *** Sailors ******** **** *** ******* as a ****** for *** offspring ** *** ****** ** the ***** *** By 1939 ** the ****** ** *** Great ********** ** ****** **** than *** ******* *** demi-orphans ****** ***** ********* ******* although ***** ******** **** *** ***** in ******** of ***** ******** *** as ***** ** the ****** Industrial School for **** in Eldora Iowa ** as forlorn ** *** ********* *** ************* ******** ** ******** ** *** ************ spare ******* *** ********** ******** rose at 5:30 am *** ********* *** ******* ***** school ***** **** marched in **** ******* ***** ** facilitate orderMary Tudor's ******** ** *** **** **** began **** *** ********* ** ** subjects **** **** told *** ****** ** *** ******** **** believed **** **** were to ******* ****** ******* *** experimental design *** *********** She was *** **** ****** to induce ********** ** ******* ********* *** *** **** trying ** *** ******* ******* stutterers **** their ****** *** **** would ******* * change Included ***** *** ** subjects **** ** ******* **** teachers and ******* *** ****** ** ********** before the study ***** ***** *** **** other ******** ******** *** agreed ** ***** ** judges listened to each of *** ******** ***** ****** **** ** a scale **** * (poor) to * ******** *** ********* **** *** ******** ********** *********** ** **** *** ******* definite 'stuttering' phenomena'' * ********** ***** ** one *** ********* ************* explosiveness *********** * *********** *** ** ********** ******** **** divided **** *** ****** **** were ******** ** ***** ** *** experimental *** **** ***** ** ***** ***** ** *** stutter **** speech ** ****** *** **** ** ***** ** would serve as controls *** ** told ***** **** ****** ** as *** ** people ******** remaining 12 ******** were ****** at ****** **** the ********** of ******** ****** ******* *** ** ***** **** assigned ** *** the ***** **** eventually ***** lead to *** lawsuit *** contention These ******** ******* in *** **** 5 to 15 were ** be **** **** their ****** *** *** ****** at all **** they **** ********* ** ******* and **** **** **** ******* **** immediately The final six ******** ** ***** *** ******* ** age ** those ** IIA **** normal ******** who were ** be ******* ** such *** ***** compliments ** ***** **** ************* **** ***** ******* ***** Tudor ****** **** child's ** *** ********** * voguish ****** then **** that ********** was caused ** a ******** imbalance ** *** ******* you **** **** left-handed *** **** using **** ***** hand your ***** impulses ***** ******* ********* your speech Johnson felt *** notion *** ******** but ** was ******** and ********* ***** ******* **** ******* ********** *** *** them **** ** *********** *** ******* the bulb of *** *********** **** were right-handed but a ********** of lefties ran ******* *** the ****** There was ** correlation ******* ********** *** speech ** **** ******* crop **** *** ** ********** ******** ************ ****** ****** **** ******* ***** **** *** **** *** *** ****** intervention consisted ** Tudor ******* ** ********* from Iowa **** every *** ***** *** ******* **** each ***** *** ***** ** ******* *** ******** ** *********** ****** In *** dissertation *** ******** **** *** ****** to *** ********** youngsters who **** ***** to ** **** **** **** *** *** ******* *** said ** **** ** **** ******** ******* **** stuttering] *** you **** ** able to ***** **** **** better **** you are ******** *** *** ** attention ** **** ****** say ***** your ******** ******* *** *********** **** ** *** ******* **** this ** **** a phase''To *** nonstuttering ********** ** *** *** **** to be branded ********** *** ***** ''The ***** has come to the conclusion **** you **** * ***** **** ** trouble **** **** speech *** **** many ** *** symptoms of * child *** ** ********* ** ******* *** **** *** to stop yourself immediately Use **** will ***** ** ******** to **** **** stuttering ***** ever ***** unless you *** ** ** right *** *** how [the **** of a ***** ** *** institution *** ********* ********* ******** don't **** **** ** *********** ******* this **** **** way''From *** first the children ** IIA ********* ***** *** ****** ******* with 5-year-old ***** **** Pugh Tudor ***** **** *** **** ********* ** *** *** ** ***** although she ***** **** ****** *** ***** before'' ******* in *** ***** ********** ***** Romp ************* ******* ** ****** a researcher ***** ** *** final ********** ****** hand ** *** over **** **** ** *** ****** ***** ****** 15 *** oldest in *** ***** became ''much **** conscious of herself and *** ****** less'' ***** noted ****** **** began ** ********* and ** snap *** ******* ** *********** She *** ***** *** *** **** 'a' ** **** ********** I'm afraid * ***** say the **** ***** *** *** you **** **** ******** ******** I *** afraid * was ***** ** *** ''a'''''All ** *** children's schoolwork **** off *** ** *** **** ***** ******** ** recite in class *** ***** *********** ******** ***** * chubby ********* ***** ******* ********* ********** himself ''He ******* *** **** ** ** *** ***** ** **** trouble ** ***** ****** he **** them'' Tudor reported She ***** him how ** knew ** said **** *** sound *********** **** *** ***** **** **** ***** ** there'''The sixth ****** **** Korlaske * 12-year-old grew ********* *** ********* ****** ***** ******** ***** asked ******* *** **** ****** **** ***** her ************** ******** ******** ****** ''Why not?'' ******** ******** *** **** *** ****** **** **** to ***** Two ***** later she *** away **** the orphanage *** ********** ***** up ** the ******* Industrial ****** *** ***** ''I ******** ***** tell ** husband ***** it'' ******** *** **** ***** **** ** * ***** telephone ************ in ******* **** **** ****** ** life'' Her ***** ***** *** ***** talk ** more'' *** said and with ** ******* **** *** hung ****** ***** ******* ****** ********* ***** times after her experiment had ********** ***** she ******** ** the ********* ** *********** ******* ********* **** *** **** *** IIA ******** **** **** ****** ******* after *** *** ****** however **** meaning was questionable *** ***** to ******* ***** the ******* in a ******** ********* ****** dated ***** 22 **** *** ******* that ** **** **** **** ******* *** ** ********* **** a ******** ********** ** them'' *** emphasis is ******** ******* ******* *** a *** ** ran *** ****** of ************ ********** therapies His ****** ****** **** *** ***** ***** A faith healer thundering **** * high ***** ********** *** ************ *** ** **** ** a ************ ** ** **** *** ****** ****** ************** ** begged ** be ******* to ****** * ******* stuttering ********** There for three ****** ** ******* aloud in * ************ **** ******** *** ***** ********* ***** ************** chanting ****** more backbone *** **** ********** **** ** **** cured *** and abruptly ** **** ''I **** ** *** ******* stuttered to *** ticket ***** *** ** *** ********* *** closed ** eyes ** despair'' ** ***** ** ''Because * Stutter'' his first **** *** *** ******** ******* * ***** *************** ********** ****** *** ******* the remainder of his **** *** ****** ''Like most stutterers ** *** ******* ** *** stuttering'' wrote ****** ********** PhD * ********* emeritus of ****** ** ******** ******* *** ********* **** ************* ***** ''He ***** ***** ****** ** ****** *** **** he was doing **** **** him ************* ********** curiosity ***** *** ** ********* * ****** of ingenious *********** ****** and after *** ***** ***** **** *** ********* ****** ** ********** itself **** ** *** *** **** ** ***** ** answer these ********* ** ***** ** giving ********** * **** ******** ** *** *** ****** them **** ***** ** front ** ** ******** ***** their stuttering ***** become worse ********* *** subjects ****** ** ******* painfully ******* **** read * page ****** with *** **** when reading to a ****** ****** **** ** ******* *** ***** **** which * ********** ********** ****** *** ******** **** the ****** ******* the **** **** ** *** *** crossed out he'd ******* **** ****** ********** ** ********* ***** *** even without *** *********** **** ** still *** ***** ******* **** to Johnson that stuttering was ************ * *********** ******* responseHe **** ****** that ********** stutterers were ********** **** ****** ** ******* **** the **** sounds ********* the sounds ********** ****** **** ****** to ******* *** **** ** dread **** ***** substituting ****** words ***** f-f-fa ****** ****** **** ******* **** **** **** about to ***** *********** ********** ***** **** would bulge ****** thump ***** ***** ***** ***** ******* **** desperately ** ***** ***** ***** ** a ********* ******* ** ***** *** *** ***** ******* ******* ***** ******* ** the ********** ********* ** stuttering *** ******* **** ** ****** they ***** ******** ** *** ********* ******* *** ****** anticipate * ****** ***** ** ***** ** point *** **** in ******* ********** even *** most afflicted don't ******* ****** *** ******** ******* ** in unpressured ****** with ******* ** dogs ''One ****** ********* ********* ***** *** life of * ***** because ** *** able ** *********** ******* **** ******** ** *********** himself ** a *** ****** ***** ****** ********** *** *** ********* ****************** findings about *** nature ** stuttering once it *** ***** ******* *** accepted ****** to this *** *** ******** **** ******* ** ************ *** **** *********** ********** *** **** * ******* ******** ***** *** ***** ******* stutters *** **** ** ***** ******** *** *** worse *** speech becomesWhat ********* thinking did not ******* is *** ****** ********** starts Episodes ** speech ********** are common ***** ****** and children ********** *** **** ***** *** about * ******* ** *** ********** exhibit ******** stammering ********* ** Ehud ***** a ********* ** ****** *** ******* ******* ** the University of ******** ** these ***** 75 ******* ******* without ********* *** ***** 1 ******* of all ****** (about ***** ******* ********** continue ** ******* ********** **** ********* It ** ***** whom ******* ******* ** *** work ** *** *********** ** *** ******** *** ****** **** ***** few ******** ** *** ***** place?Johnson *** ** ****** ******* of stuttering *** ********* *** *********** **** *** ********* ***** ** ********* ''Stuttering is ******* ******** ******* **** *** ** ******** it ***** and ******* ********** ***** ** ** ****** ******* **** ********* ****** *** mantra'' He *** ******** ********* **** *** **** backed *** ********** ********* ** **** ** *** *** ********** questioned *** ******* of ****** ** ***** ********** ****** **** *** ******** *** ***** *** how the ****** *** ********* ** also ****** *********** ''normal'' ******** *** ***** that **** *** many ****** defects as **** ************* *** the ************** Johnson **** ***** ******* *********** **** *** ******** ***** *** ******** ********** ********** The ********* ****** *** ********* ******* ****** **** the ************* theory and ** became *** cornerstone *** his writing *** ******** *** ******* **** *** ********** *** basis for *** ***** ***** the treatment of stuttering ******** It **** by its ******** should **** ******* **** *** *** orphans ** **** ******* ***** *** would ******* soon ***** Tudor ***** telling **** **** **** didBut they did not ** **** *** most telling ****** ** **** ******* ********** is that ** ****** ********** ** the six ****** ******** *** **** ******* labeled ********** *** actually ******** ***** speech ******* ********* ** *** ************ ******* over *** course of *** ********** ***** ** *** by almost * **** ***** from 3 ** ** Another's ******* **** **** * to ** For *** ****** ***** ******* ratings didn't budge Of *** *** children ***** ******* **** *** ******** ***** dropped **** 26 ** * *** ****** ***** ****** **** 31 ** 28The ***** primary ***** ***** fared ****** better ** *** ****** ********** *** **** told **** *** spoke fine *** ****** slight ************ ** ******* *** ********* ** fluency *** *** was ********* *** results *** **** ** *** ****** were ***** **** insignificant *** **** ** *** wrong ************ direction'' ********* ***** *** * ********* ** ** article in the May 2002 issue ** *** American Journal ** *************** ************ ********** *** ******* **** ** ****** In **** case *** nonstuttering ******** of Group *** ***** ** *** **** ********** ***** of *** ******** ** this group ****** ***** behavioral ********* **** ***** ***** ** her thesis ''that were in the ********* ** *** ***** ** inhibitive sensitive *********** ********* ***** ** **** adult ********** ** reaction ** their ****** There *** * ******** for **** ** ****** **** talkative'' **** **** during ***** ******** **** *** *** ** ***** ** *** *********** ******** ***** **** whispered ******* their fingers ****** ****** *** ******* their ****** shut **** looked like ********** **** ***** ****** ***** highly unlikely **** *** *** make * stutterer *** can ****** the ************ **** -- *** ********* *** *** ****************** ***** *** be taught *** reinforced *** ******** stuttering ****** ** ****** ** ** ******* Johnson's ****** *** *** upheldAfter **** ***** submitted her ********* ******** ****** ** August **** **** * dedication ** ******* ** **** ************ **** ********* ******* *** *** ******* *** *********** as ** ***** did with his ********* ****** ** did *** ******* ** in his ********* ************* indexes ** ********** ** **** ********** ******** *** ***** **** *** ** receive ******** ***** attention ** * ****** of articles in The *** Jose ******* News However *** thesis ***** *** ********* at *** ********** ******* *** **** a ***** **** ***** Iowa speech ********* ******** ''Those who *** heard ***** ** ********* ** the ******** ******** ********* Franklin ********* * ********* of speech ********* ** Marquette ********** *** * ****** student ** ********* **** reminded ****** of *** **** experiments ** ***** ******** *** ***** professors ** *** **** **** *** that ** would **** *** ********** ** publish *** **** ** *** ******** and ********** ********** ** ***** that ******* Johnson ** *** people *** ********** ** ** **** *** **** ** being **** that *** stutter''It ** ** ugly ***** ***** *** ** ********** ** orphans And ********* admirers who ***** *** legion ******** ** ********** why he ******** and ******** *** ******* *** **** to ****** ** *** ******* ** firmly ******** that ** would ***** * greater good **** it would help thousands ** ***** ******** who ********* *** **** *** damage ***** be ********* and ************ **** DC ************** **** president *** **** ******** of the University of **** *** ******* ** Johnson's students **** *** a ********* empathetic *** *** ** ********** *** torment ** * speech ****** ** ******** **** **** **** ** **** ** ** ** thought **** actually ****** ******* ** *********** ****** ''But ** never ****** ***** *** Tudor ***** ** ** ** anyone **** **** *** aware of So all * *** ** ****** is ************* the ****** when ******* ******* *** speech ********** *** *** of the most ******* ********* on *** **** ****** ** used ** ****** *** students ** question ***** voice ** authority'' **** *** ********** you **** a ******** ********** ********* **** *** kind ** ******** ask ***** do *** mean *** *** ** *** *********** ***** ***** *** not **** ******* troubling; *** ******* **** have been *** ******* confounding The data ********** ** ******** *** ****** ***** *** ********** that ********** is purely behavioral **** *** ******* ** **** he ***** ***** says ****** ********** * ****** ****** ********* at Iowa and now * ******** ********** *** ******** **** ** ********* * **** **** **** ****** *** *** ****** **************** ********* ******** ** *** study ** ******** claiming **** ** *** caused an ****** presumably ***** ****** ** ******* *** therefore ********* *** diagnosogenic ***** *** the *********** ** ***** final ********** ****** *** * ******************* *** *** mention *** ***** ***** In **** ** ********* *** ****** ******* of ************ ***** **** *** *** ************* ****** ** ****** ******* nowhere ** its pages **** ** ******* the orphan ********** *** ***** study ******** **** **** *********** Zimmermann says **** should **** **** **** ** *** ****** *** *** ***** ***** everyone would **** ********* *** diagnosogenic ****** anyway Johnson was ********** *** at ***** * ******** would have **** ************ *** ****** ***** *** early 1980's Johnson's ****** ********* ** ****** *** the ************ ** **** childhood ****** intervention ** America ********** ****** ** diagnosogenic ****** declined ** **** directly **** ***** ********** ******* **** *** ******* ***** ****** *** ********** They'd instead ******* * ******* ******* ******* them ** stop ******** ** **** ********* this helped *** ***** ***** ***** it didn'tToday *** ** *** **** ****** accepted models *** explaining ********** ********** is **** a ******* ********* provides * biological ************** ** stutter Not ******** with ************ ******* ********** ** course ** * ********** ******** ***** *** ************* **** that *** necessary *** ** ***** may be * ************** ****** ** * child **** * ********* *********** * ****** ** ******** ******** may **** the ***** **** *** **** ** this way Wendell ********* ****** ****** ******** *** ** *** sole ********* ** ********** ************* ****** has been ********** ********** **** *** ******** ******* **** **** **** ******* make *** ********* says ****** ******** **** ** *** *** ******* ** ****** *** ******* ******** ** *** **** Graduate ****** *** the organizer ** the symposium ***** ****** ******** * ***** for ****** therapy *** *** ******* **** ****** ever ************* *********** think **** the **** ******* **** ** ****** ******* ** ******* directly **** ******** ** ************ ******** **** their ********** children are ********** ** ******** breath ******* ****** ***** *** ******* of forcing them *** stretch out sounds ** **** **** ****** One ***** help wondering **** ***** **** ******** *** ******* ********* *** ***** ******** ***** the results have ****** issues **** might **** *** ** an ******* shift ** ********* *** ********** ********* *** ***** ***** ***** stutterers **** been better ****** by this **** direct ************* ** can't know Though *********** now have more ******* ******** ********** ** ******** the ********** ** speech ******* remains ******* *** *** **** ********** eternally ineffective **** ***** **** *** way ** ********* the ****** ** ****** **** the ***** ***** *** all ***** ******* ********** *********** Johnson **** *** **** to protect * ******** that explained *** **** a ********* affliction *** **** *** **** *** ** his **** Wendell ******* ''was ********** ****** ********** ***** ''He *** ********* But ** *** **** **** ** **** for *********** ** *** field **** ** many ****** ****** he was burdened **** ** ********** ********** **** ** *** ********** ************** ** the *********** ***** ***** will ***** *** ***** *** three surviving ******* from ***** *** ***** **** **** (now ******* Meacham) **** ******** **** Mary ****** *** Hazel ****** **** Hazel ********* *** **** ***** *** ***** and ********** of **** *** ******** of ******* ****** among ***** ****** *** infliction ** ********* ******** *** ********** misrepresentation The ******* of *** three ******** ******* **** ** **** of *** **** ''I ***** that * **** **** ***** **** **** ** ***** ******** ****** ****** ******* ****** ***** lives ****** says **** Douthit * ****** **** ** ******** *** ** representing five of *** ********* ''Kathryn Meacham has ******* ** ******* as a ***** *** *** **** *** still ***** ** talk ****** ** *** ****** and a few ****** ** *** ****** She's * *** sad lady''Hazel ****** ******** is ******* and decisive at ** ********* trying ** ***** * ****** ******* ******* she **** ''But **** ***** on I ******* a good *** * **** ** Even *** ********* wasn't that *** ***** were ****** ***** children ****** ** ** wasn't ******** *** ****** *** don't really remember ***** **** ***** ** any'' *** **** suddenly ******* ''But back then *** **** * *** ********* 1965 ** 59 Wendell Johnson sat at his **** ***** ********* ************* ****** ** *** ********* an ***** *** the ************* ********** ** ******** *********** when ** ******** a massive ***** attack *** 4000-word ***** ********* *** ********* posthumously brooks ** ******* ''The ***** ****** ***************** ******** ** ** ***** ** keep **** ********** *** ** ** **** ********** ** ****** ********* didacticism ******* **** the *** ******* *** he ***** almost ****** ********* **** ****** ********* **** ************* ***** *** ***** ******** *** **** ********* ** ***** ********* ** ****** in *** ***** of a man ****** all *** **** to make ***** ** *** ******* to *****