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Aaron Bridges 550

Forum 2

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The criminal justice system has changed dramatically within the last twenty years.  Much of these changes are directly connected to the changing emphasis that these systems have had to deal with the evolving tide of terrorism on domestic and international levels.  Homeland security has become a key concern of public safety and law enforcement. Prior to the events which occurred on September 11,2011, many law enforcement agencies across the United States were primarily concerned with maintaining order within the borders of the United States.  The attacks which occurred on that day forced every agency across the land to focus on the broader notion that terrorism was a national problem which each agency must focus on directly.  

As a result, the incorporation of fusion centers and intelligence-led policing principles became routine law enforcement functions (Lambert, 2010).  Fusion centers allow for the exchange of information and intelligence among various agencies on multiple levels from local, state, and up to federal.  These fusion centers allow for the exchange of information among various law enforcement agencies and allow for a more effective manner in which crimes are dealt with.  By cooperating with one another, the "war on terror" has been dealt a severe blow which hinders the ability of terrorists to function within corporate networks within the United States (Finklea, 2012). International concerns regarding terrorism are one of the preemiment concerns of the criminal justice organizations across the United States and the world.  The expanded mission of all criminal justice organizations must incorporate international concerns in addition to their own local issues as well.  Whereas these organizations in times past only needed to worry about crime on the local level, the issues pertaining to international terrorism and the threats to the United States have forced them to be ever-more vigilant to stop terrorism on an international level as well.  

Homeland security will be the key primary concern of criminal justice organizations in the years to come, until a day in which international terrorism may become less of a concern.  Therefore, intelligence-led policing will continue to be a primary focus of most criminal justice organizations across the United States. This focus will deal with policing standards between and within the states and with the sharing on information, tips, and leads, to a philosophy which focuses on the prevention and mitigation of crimes through active information sharing and analysis  (Carter & Phillips, 2015).  This focus will utilize the collection of raw information and proactive information from a variety of law enforcement agencies.  However, in order for this to effectively work, criminal justice groups from across the nation will need to more effectively relate information to each other. 

From a conservative-Christian perspective, criminal justice organizations must work together to deal with crime in a manner which not only enforces justice but enacts harsh penalties upon offenders.   Although the liberal-left may view terrorism from a perspective in which the individual rather than the corporate group is the problem, the author views such issues as primarily stemming from the threat of radical Islam.  Those who hold the beliefs of radical Islam are a threat to democracy and all that the United States stands for.  Therefore, Islam is the root of the problem.  It should be noted that not all Muslims are terrorists, and therefore not all Muslims pose a threat to our democracy.  However, one of the key premises of the Islamic religion is world domination and the enforcement of Sharia Law.  Therefore, from the perspective of one who holds a conservative-Protestant Christian worldview, every effort possible should be made to stem the tide of Islamic influence within the United States.  This must be done through the promotion of law enforcement which makes a strong stand against Islamic terrorism. 

Carter, J.G., & Phillips, S.W.  (2015).  Intelligence-led policing and forces of organizational change in the USA. Policing & Society, 25(4), 333-357.  doi: 10.1080/10439463.2013.865738,

Finklea, F.M.  (2012).  The interplay of borders, turf, cyberspace, and jurisdiction: Issues confront U.S. law enforcement.  Journal of Current Issues in Crime: Law & Law Enforcement, 5(12), 29. 

Lambert, D.  (2010).  Intelligence-led policing in a fusion center.  FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 79(12), 1. 

Nancy McLaughlin 550

Discussion Board forum 2

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The mission of the law enforcement is to enforce and support the laws of society, investigate crimes and apprehend the offenders. They prevent crime and help with peace and tranquility of the community and provide the community with services (Schmalleger, 2017). In the event of September 11, 2001, changes came about with policing at state and local levels by the Department of Justice by adding the intelligence-led policing (ILP) to battle against terrorism and organized traditional crimes. The start of ILP can be traced back to the United Kingdom when they had an increase of crime and domestic terrorist that brought about the ILP in the United Kingdom. They seek more institute and strategic approach to problem-solving. One of the principles of ILP is having communication oriented policing. When the police have more trust and understand of the community, then they can receive information to help the cops solve more crimes for the information they received from the community. Other areas of ILP are the personal need to be trained to understand the roles of intelligence by taking information and making decisions. Communication between all levels of law enforcement must occur to make use of the knowledge in both strategic and tactical decision can happen to overcome the crimes being committed (Schmalleger, 2017).

            The Richmond Police Department in Virginia is using intelligence-led policing to approach their homicides and violent offenses such as drug-related robberies and murders.  Richmond police start performing detail analysis of the crimes in Richmond, Virginia. In the report, they see that crimes were high, but the root of the problems was coming from drug trade that was a causing high level of homicides in Richmond. Other problems that also shown is neighborhood gang disputes to do with gun crimes.  They want to lower the number of homicides by developing initiatives to increase convictions and stop the violence before it turns to homicide. The Richmond Police Department create a plan that has started a Focus Mission Team (FMT) that analysis and maps the crimes trends, circumstance and forecast future violent.  The analysis from FMT will give the police a more develop plan to focused, directed in the crime areas that will help the ILP reduce the offenses in this field.  The Richmond Police use the ILP to establish a foundation of community oriented policing.  The police are receiving the state of art update software for their crime analysis and working closely with local, state,  and federal agencies to help reduce the violent crimes in Richmond, Virginia (U.S Department of Justice).

            The Jude Christian worldview looks upon the Bible of Isaiah 33:22 that the Lord is our judge, our lawgivers, and our king. Which looks like our congress, supreme courts, and our president. The primary purpose is for the government to administers God’s justice to protect the innocent and punish the wicked. The rule of justice is to protect the families, property, and society so man can be free in the image of God. the intelligence-led policing would be working in God’s way because they are supporting the laws of God to protect the innocent and bring blessings to the community.  God understand and recognize that man is a fallen state and sin will occur to sustain in life and the bad will punished. America was founded on biblical principles to address the sin of man as does the ILP is there to help with the checks and balance of helping the police deal with territories and traditional crimes (Judeo-Christian worldview).

Reference

The Judeo-Christian worldview and American Politics. (n.d), Centennial Institue of Colorado Christian University. Retrieve from http://www.ccu.edu/centennial/2014/03/the-judeo-christian-worldview-and-american-politics/

Department of Justice (n.d). Reducing Crime Through Intelligence-Led Policing. Bureau of Justice Assitance. Retrieved from https://www.bja.gov/Publications/ReducingCrimeThroughILP.pdf

Schmalleger, F. (2017). Criminal justice today: An introductory text for the 21stcentury (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780134145594

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May 31, 2017 8:42:39 PM EDT 3 days ago

Eric Esser 530

Question #2

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                Chronic health issues can have a major impact on the cost of operating a criminal justice organization. They effect the cost of the organization’s benefit packages, disrupt the workflow of the organization, and increases the difficulty of finding ways to protect the rights of the employees and accommodating the employees with chronic health issues.  Organizations need to find ways to reduce the cost that chronic health issues cause.

According to N. Riccucci (2016), “Because chronic health issues do not always present a healing remedy, they tend to place a greater burden on the organization’s benefit package” (p.77). The cost of health care coverage for public employers is staggering and also effects the cost of taxes. “The total taxpayer cost for all health care line items comes to over $21.5 million for state employees and over $62.2 million for local government employees-per hour” (Riccucci, 2016, p.81).

Criminal justice organizations are many times forced to hire overtime when officers are on leave due to chronic health issues to ensure that there is an adequate numbers of officers on the streets. This can cause challenges to the organization when multiple employees are on leave and there are no volunteers to work the overtime. Chronic health issues also cause officers to take unplanned sick days or retirements leaving the department shorthanded for lengthy periods of time.

Many times the criminal justice organization may have to find ways to accommodate the employee effected by chronic health issues. This may include finding a “light-duty” job for the officer to work until he can be medically cleared to come back to work “full-duty.” For example, a desk job where the officer is purging old reports or working the front desk taking reports over the phone. The organization is usually paying the officer on “light-duty” his regular salary and then hiring an officer on overtime to cover his absence on the street, creating increased cost for the organization.

Criminal Justice organizations can reduce the cost that chronic health issues have on their organization by adding mandatory “stress days” to their benefit package. The stress days would give officers 2 extra days off each quarter that they are required to take to help reduce mental and physical stress. Adopting a wellness program that rewards officers to stay in shape is another way the organization can reduce the cost. According to Baicker, Cutler, & Song (2010), “Medical costs fall about $3.27 for every dollar spent on wellness programs, and absentee costs fall by about $2.73 for every dollar spent” (p.308). Lastly, it is the organizations responsibility to properly incorporate training and build a positive work environment to address the issues of chronic health issues.

References

Riccucci, N. (2016). “Public personnel management: Current concerns, Future challenges” (5th ed.). New York, New York: Routledge.

Baicker, K., Cutler, D., & Song, Z. (2010). Workplace wellness programs can generate savings. Health Affairs, 29(2) 304-311.

Tory Palmer 530

Question 1

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The causes of organizational conflict range from interdependence, differences in power, status, and culture, organizational ambiguity, competition for scarce resources, drive for autonomy and bifurcation of subunit interest. The competition for scarce resources cause of conflict is more prevalent in large organizations than smaller ones. A personal experience with the unavailability of resources in the United States Air Force was due to budget constraints and decreased funding caused by recent Department of Defense sequestration acts. The acting members of Congress deemed it necessary that funding to specific programs within the Department of Defense could be decreased and still meet obligations. However, it was in contrast to what senior leaders of each military department felt was necessary for operational sustainment. This example of vertical conflict created an atmosphere where, “if well-managed conflict through an exchange of ideas does not occur from level to level of an organization, conflict is likely to hurt the organization” (Flink, 2015, p. 184). The negative consequences affected pilot training as well as the availability of certain types of aircraft in which temporarily diminished the capability of the United States Air Force to respond to attacks in our nation’s defense.

     The mismanagement of organizational conflicts can impede the effectiveness of the organization. It is imperative that managers resolve all conflicts in a reasonable and timely manner. The, “resulting strategies must address the cognitive and affective impact on the individuals directly involved in the conflict as well as the effect on exchange behaviors at the organizational level” (Eckerd & Handley, 2015, p. 44). One solution to manage conflict that arises due to scarce resource availability is too first identify the priorities of each department in regards to required resources. If two competing departments are in need of the same resource, the decision on which department will actually receive the resource should be based necessity. If the department with the lower priority still requires the resource to effectively complete tasks in the performance of their duties, a support agreement should be negotiated and formulated as policy. The support agreement should clearly communicate the type of support and resources required as well as the specified timeframe that the support is required. This viable solution can be performed until additional funds becomes available or the support is no longer required.

 References

Eckerd, S., & Handley, S. (2015, March). Inter-organizational conflicts: Research overview, challenges, and oppurtunities. Journal of Strategic Contracting and Negotiation, 1(1), 42-64.

Flink, C. M. (2015). Multidimensional conflict and organizational performance. American Review of Public Administration, 45(2), 182-200.

More, H. W., Vito, G. F., & Walsh, W. F. (2016). Organizational behavior and management in law enforcement (Third ed.). New York, New York: Pearson Learning Solutions.