The following passages contain exactly one argument. Put each in standard form.

1. Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to challenge old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is. Accordingly, science sometimes requires courage-at the very least the courage to question the conventional wisdom.

2. If you can get together a college degree-two years are OK, four are preferred-do so, even if you are a dozen years behind. You will be paid back lavishly in higher earning potential, increased mobility, and more interesting jobs. It is a kind of passport.

3. Enemy-making of men would ultimately subvert the whole dream of a women's culture based on mutuality and altruism. The very process of projecting the negative part of their own psychic potential onto males, and failing to own these themselves, would tend to make such women's groups fanatical caricatures of that which they hate. The dehumanization of the other ultimately dehumanizes oneself. One duplicates evil-making in the very effort to escape from it once and for all, by projecting it on the "alien" group.

4. Real winners-people who are self-actualizing and who respond authentically to life-do not need losers. Women winning does not mean that men must lose, any more than men winning should mean that women must lose. If women have more options, so too will men. More choices for women means more choices for men. For example, it has long been acceptable for a married woman to quit her job and stay home, explaining, "I'm tired of working. I am going to relax and do something different for a while." Yet how many married men-no matter how tired or pressured-would be greeted with the same degree of acceptance if they announced, "I'm tired of working. I'm going to stay home with the family for a while?"