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QUESTION

Three Rivers College Child Psychology 16SP Exam #1- Ch 1 & 5

Course Child Psychology-- -16SP

Question 1

Hybrid designs combine the advantages of 

Answers:

a. cross-sectional and correlational research methods.

b. cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods.

c.  correlational and longitudinal research methods.

d.  correlational and experimental research methods.

Question 2

One advantage of naturalistic observation is that it 

Answers:

a. allows the researcher to determine why behavior occurs.

b. lets the researcher carefully control the environment.

c. provides information about real-life behaviors.

d. helps researchers determine the thinking behind the child's behavior.

Question 3

Negative correlations indicate 

Answers:

a. negative outcomes.

b. inconclusive results.

c. low scores of one variable are associated with low scores of another variable.

d. high scores of one variable are associated with low scores of another variable.

Question 4

Identify the correct historical order of emergence for the following theories. 

Answers:

a. social learning, dynamic systems, psychoanalytic

b. psychoanalytic, behavioral, neuropsychological

c. behavioral, dynamic systems, neuropsychological

d. psychoanalytic, social learning, dynamic systems

Question 5

Which of the following statements regarding theories is TRUE? 

Answers:

a. Theories summarize currently known facts.

b. Theories seldom allow for predictions to be made.

c. Theories can directly be proven to be either right or wrong.

d. Theories remain stable despite scientific advances.

Question 6

Dr. Schaab is a cross-cultural psychologist who conducts research on differences between collectivistic and individualistic societies. Bronfenbrenner would say that Dr. Schaab is focusing on the 

Answers:

a. microsystem.

b. mesosystem.

c. macrosystem.

d. exosystem.

Question 7

The main purpose of a university's Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to determine whether researchers 

Answers:

a. are using the appropriate scientific method.

b. are adhering to ethical standards.

c. have appropriate credentials for conducting studies.

d. are testing their hypotheses efficiently.

Question 8

Generally speaking, many theories 

Answers:

a. address specific aspects of development.

b. are remarkably similar to one another.

c. can be easily compared until one is proven "right."

d. do not allow for specific predictions to be made.

Question 9

Dr. McGaw was interested in whether children's recall of familiar or unfamiliar words improved with age, so she tested 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and 8-year-olds at the same point in time. This is an example of a 

Answers:

a. hybrid design.

b. case study design.

c. cross-sectional design.

d. longitudinal design.

Question 10

Praise and hugs are typically examples of 

Answers:

a. fixations.

b. imprinting.

c. ethology.

d. reinforcement.

Question 11

Learning to use the bathroom appropriately and waiting until morning to eat are examples of 

Answers:

a. fixation.

b. delay of gratification.

c. unconscious sexual desires.

d. superego development.

Question 12

Early behaviorists were interested in 

Answers:

a. making psychology more objective and scientific.

b. ensuring that elements of the unconscious mind were more measurable.

c. helping psychology align itself more with theories of evolution.

d. understanding children's thought processes.

Question 13

Raenna was grounded for two weeks because she arrived home after her curfew one night. Raenna now comes home before her curfew due to 

Answers:

a. observational learning.

b. social learning.

c. classical conditioning.

d. operant conditioning.

Question 14

According to psychoanalytic theory, in order to have a healthy personality 

Answers:

a. a person's id must be stronger than the ego and superego to insure survival.

b. a person's superego must be stronger than the ego and id for moral development to occur.

c. the id, ego, and superego must be eliminated during psychosexual development.

d. the ego must balance the id and superego and be able to cope with external demands.

Question 15

Erikson theorized that the primary challenge facing newborns was 

Answers:

a. dealing with oral needs.

b. struggling with trust issues.

c. developing a sense of patience.

d. coping with unconscious sexual desires.

Question 16

According to Vygotsky's theory, development occurs due to the person's 

Answers:

a. internalization of cultural values.

b. reorganization of mental schemes with age.

c. imitation of adult authority figures.

d. development of a basic sense of trust.

Question 17

Which of the following statements concerning Piaget's perspective on learning is TRUE? 

Answers:

a. Learning is primarily unconscious and occurs through classical conditioning.

b. Learning is a continual cycle of assimilation and accommodation.

c. Learning occurs when the ego is strong enough to balance the id and superego.

d. Learning occurs through the processes of modeling and imitation.

Question 18

Eisenberg et al. (1999) studied a single group of 32 children, taking measurements of their helping behaviors approximately every two years from the time the children were four years old until they were young adults. This study used a(n) 

Answers:

a. hybrid design.

b. experimental design.

c. cross-sectional design.

d. longitudinal design.

Question 19

The fact that IQ scores are more similar among identical twins than among fraternal twins 

Answers:

a. suggests that siblings treated similarly will be similar in achievement.

b. suggests that siblings of the same gender are more intellectually similar.

c. shows the influence of nurture on children's intellectual development.

d. shows the influence of nature on children's intellectual development.

Question 20

Ninety preschool children are randomly divided into three groups. Every day for two weeks, one group watches 30 minutes of "Sesame Street," a second group watches 30 minutes of "Road Runner" cartoons, and a third group watches 30 minutes of "Scooby Doo" cartoons. At the end of two weeks, all three groups are given a test of creativity. This research design would best be classified as 

Answers:

a. correlational.

b. experimental.

c. longitudinal.

d. naturalistic observation.

Question 21

Dr. Rice found that the correlation between children's amount of sleep and their amount of daytime energy was +.40. This correlation indicates that 

Answers:

a. the more sleep a child gets, the more energy he or she has.

b. sleep and energy are not related.

c. having more energy allows children to get more sleep.

d. the more sleep a child gets, the less energy the child has.

Question 22

Which of the following theoretical perspectives focuses the LEAST on biological explanations of child development? 

Answers:

a. Ethological theory

b. Behavior genetics

c. Neuropsychology

d. Ecological systems

Question 23

Which of the following correlations would be most likely to reflect the relationship between a child's age and mathematical skills? 

Answers:

a. 0.0

b. -.30

c. -.85

d. +.75

Question 24

Grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and friends of the family are all part of Bronfenbrenner's 

Answers:

a. microsystem.

b. mesosystem.

c. macrosystem.

d. exosystem.

Question 25

Researchers sometimes use animals to study questions related to child development because 

Answers:

a. children younger than six years of age cannot participate in psychological research.

b. it would be unethical to manipulate certain variables of interest in humans.

c. there are no ethical guidelines for conducting research with animals.

d. it is too difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to conduct correlational research.

Question 26

At first, Josh neither liked nor disliked the song "Hey There, Delilah." However, one day his girlfriend broke up with him while that song was playing. Now Josh gets sad each time he hears that song. "Hey There, Delilah" has now become 

Answers:

a. a conditioned stimulus.

b. an unconditioned stimulus.

c. a conditioned response.

d. an unconditioned response.

Question 27

The psychoanalytic personality part responsible for our sense of morality is/are the 

Answers:

a. id.

b. ego.

c. superego.

d. both the id and the ego.

Question 28

Freud claimed that the successful resolution of the phallic stage and the Oedipus complex involves 

Answers:

a. curbing one's hunger.

b. using the bathroom appropriately.

c. copying the same sex parent.

d. the sexual pursuit of one's peers.

Question 29

Sometimes a researcher creates a standard situation or environment that allows each child the same opportunity to engage in a specific behavior of interest. This type of research design is called 

Answers:

a. naturalistic observation.

b. structured observation.

c. path analysis.

d. cross-sectional observation.

Question 30

Lorenz' concept of imprinting involves 

Answers:

a. unconscious reasons for biological functions.

b. attachment to the first guardian figure found after birth.

c. the impact of classical and operant conditioning on learned behaviors.

d. looking for ways in which individuals process new information.

Question 31

The extreme feelings of self-consciousness that many adolescents feel may be related to the ________ form of adolescent egocentrism. 

Answers:

a. personal fable

b. hyper-conscious

c. imaginary audience

d. exclusionary

Question 32

Vygotsky believed that children learn to think primarily by 

Answers:

a. trial and error.

b. conditioning and reinforcement.

c. constructing their own knowledge about the world.

d. internalizing the speech they hear around them.

Question 33

If Chris and his coworkers work together to design a new ad campaign, they are demonstrating 

Answers:

a. socially shared cognition.

b. guided participation.

c. central participation.

d. situated cognition.

Question 34

A major distinction between Vygotsky's theory of development and Piaget's theory is that the Vygotsky focused more directly on 

Answers:

a. social interaction's contribution to cognitive growth.

b. cognitive assessment through standardized tasks.

c. different stages of language development.

d. the universality and invariance of cognitive development.

Question 35

By about ________ months of age, a child can typically solve invisible displacement problems. 

Answers:

a. 3

b. 6

c. 18

d. 24

Question 36

When children can use one object to stand for or represent another, they are said to be able to engage in 

Answers:

a. make-believe play.

b. fantasy play.

c. symbolic play.

d. social play.

Question 37

A primary difference between intuitive thought and logic is that 

Answers:

a. logic is based on a formal system of rules, whereas intuitive thought is based on personal experience.

b. intuitive thought develops in the formal operations stage, whereas logic develops during the preoperational stage.

c. logic is egocentric, whereas intuitive thought involves the ability to take other people's perspectives into account.

d. intuitive thought is more symbolic and language-based, whereas logic is more artificial and centrated.

Question 38

Which of the following statements regarding the kinds of information children learn from interaction with the environment during the sensorimotor stage is FALSE? 

Answers:

a. Children may learn about the sounds an object makes.

b. Children may learn about how an object can be manipulated.

c. Children may learn about the object's surface texture and weight.

d. Children may learn about how one object compares to another.

Question 39

Providing supportive assistance and guidance to a child learning a new task or developing a skill is called 

Answers:

a. proximal development.

b. assistive reassurance.

c. scaffolding.

d. cognitive synthesis.

Question 40

Before the child has grasped object permanence, it is fair to say that a child believes which of the following? 

Answers:

a. Easy come, easy go

b. Finders, keepers

c. Out of sight, out of mind

d. What's mine is mine

Question 41

Between eighteen months and two years of age, children's vocabulary typically increases by a little more than 

Answers:

a. one hundred words.

b. two hundred words.

c. three hundred words.

d. five hundred words.

Question 42

Paolo has been working in his uncle's bakery since he was able to walk, and he can double or halve recipes with ease. In the classroom, however, he tends to have difficulty with word problems and equations containing fractions. This is an example of 

Answers:

a. stunted interaction.

b. collaborative learning.

c. situated cognition.

d. a phenomenological variant.

Question 43

Which of the following statements regarding the beginning of the sensorimotor stage is FALSE? 

Answers:

a. Children in this stage learn about the world through their senses (e.g., hearing, seeing, and tasting).

b. Children in this stage are able to create mental representations of physical objects outside themselves.

c. Children in this stage "think" by making sensory contact with objects.

d. Children in this stage "think" by making motor contact with objects.

Question 44

Ten-year-old Anne needs to prepare a book report for class tomorrow. Her mother is concerned because Anne is frustrated and seems to need help finishing it. Which of the following situations would best exemplify scaffolding behavior on the part of Anne's mother? 

Answers:

a. Writing the report for Anne

b. Allowing Anne to finish the report without help, thereby working through her frustration

c. Suggesting Anne talk to a friend about the book's plot

d. Asking Anne questions about the book's plot

Question 45

To say that a young infant's interaction with the environment is reflexive means that the infant 

Answers:

a. reacts to the environment without having voluntary control over his or her actions.

b. can intentionally respond to the environment through physical and mental actions.

c. can engage in trial-and-error learning without anticipating a specific outcome.

d. can engage in trial-and-error learning in a logical and intentional manner.

Question 46

When faced with an invisible displacement problem, an infant 

Answers:

a. watches an object being hidden in one location, and then watches as it is moved to a different location.

b. watches an object being hidden in one location, and then the object is secretly moved to a different location.

c. watches two objects being hidden in separate locations, and then watches as the two objects are switched.

d. watches two objects being hidden in the same location, and then one object is secretly moved to a different location.

Question 47

Research examining Piaget's theory in a number of different cultures indicates that 

Answers:

a. children seem to pass through Piaget's stages in the same order and at the same ages worldwide.

b. children seem to pass through Piaget's stages in the same order, but not necessarily at the same ages, worldwide.

c. all children regardless of cultural background or educational level, eventually attain formal operations.

d. the rates at which individuals achieve formal operations are the same in industrialized and nonindustrialized countries.

Question 48

The sensorimotor stage lasts from 

Answers:

a. birth until the child can walk.

b. about ages 1 to 4.

c. age 2 until the child starts school.

d. birth until about age 2.

Question 49

Which of the following is an example of Vygotsky's concept of private speech? 

Answers:

a. Julie and Jessica are twins who talk to themselves in an imaginary language.

b. Christopher announces to himself that he is going down the slide.

c. Lori tells her son, Mitchell, that his zipper is down.

d. Sarah and Don whisper to each other about the person near them.

Question 50

When children are learning a new activity, they often talk aloud in order to give support and directions to themselves. Vygotsky referred to this type of "talking aloud" as 

Answers:

a. social speech.

b. private speech.

c. public speech.

d. mental speech.

Question 51

When children's thinking is "decentered," it means that they 

Answers:

a. can't think about a problem from other people's perspectives.

b. can usually engage in egocentric thinking.

c. can consider multiple aspects of a problem at the same time.

d. can reverse operations in addition and multiplication problems.

Question 52

As a young child, Grace felt sorry for the unused ornaments and believed that they felt lonely and forgotten. This is most clearly an example of 

Answers:

a. egocentrism.

b. animism.

c. artificialism.

d. make-believe play.

Question 53

When your niece's toy rolls out of sight under her bed, she immediately begins to search for it. What Piagetian concept does her behavior illustrate? 

Answers:

a. Accommodation

b. Animism

c. Object permanence

d. Centration

Question 54

The primary limitation of children's thinking during the concrete operations stage is that they 

Answers:

a. master the skills of transitivity, reversibility, and class inclusion in a sequential manner.

b. can think logically only about tangible or familiar materials, contexts, and situations.

c. can only engage in deductive reasoning using activities like the pendulum problem.

d. cannot think about process and only see the beginning and end of a problem.

Question 55

According to Vygotsky, the process of taking external speech and activity and making it internal and mental is called 

Answers:

a. externalization.

b. internalization.

c. mediation.

d. privatization.

Question 56

Children's understanding that objects and people can belong to more than one category at a time can be observed in their responses to 

Answers:

a. transivity problems.

b. class inclusion problems.

c. conservation problems.

d. the three-mountains task.

Question 57

According to a constructivist perspective, which of the following statements is TRUE? 

Answers:

a. People perceive the environment as it actually exists and do not make any interpretations.

b. Young children create their own independent interpretations of reality, but adults do not.

c. There is only one reality, and individuals should not differ in their interpretations of it.

d. People interpret their experiences using their already existing knowledge and experiences.

Question 58

Experts in child development generally agree that the most revolutionary and influential theorist in the study of child development was 

Answers:

a. Theophile Simon.

b. Lev Vygotsky.

c. Jean Piaget.

d. Geoffrey Saxe.

Question 59

According to Piaget, once an object is out of direct sensory or motor contact with a child in the earliest substage of sensorimotor development, the child 

Answers:

a. develops a primitive physical representation of the object's texture.

b. does not know or remember anything about the object.

c. remembers the object and is motivated to search for it.

d. cries in an indirect attempt to have the object returned.

Question 60

The ability to engage in abstract reasoning about hypothetical events that are not directly experienced develops in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? 

Answers:

a. Concrete operations

b. Formal operations

c. Sensorimotor

d. Preoperational

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******* **********

******* intuitive ******* *** ***** is ***** ********* alogic ** ***** on * formal system ** rules ******* intuitive ******* **

based

on

******** ***********

********** *******

******** **

*** ******

********** *****

whereas logic develops during *** ************** stage ****** ** egocentric

*******

*********

******* involves the ******* ** take other ************ ************ **** ******** ********** ******* ** more ******** ***

************** ******* logic ** **** ********** *** centrated ******** *** ***** ** *** ********* **********

********* *** ***** ** *********** ******** ***** **** interaction **** *** *********** ****** the ************ *****

is ******* ********* ********* *** ***** about *** sounds ** ****** makes ********* ***

learn *****

*** an object *** ** ************ cChildren *** learn about the ************ surface ******* *** ******* dChildren *** learn ***** *** *** object

********

**

******** Question 39 ********* ********** ********** *** ******** **

a child learning a *** **** or ********** a skill

** called ********* ********* ************ bassistive ************ ************* ********** **********

Question 40 Before *** ***** *** grasped object ********** **

is ****

to *** that * child ******** ***** ** the *********** Answers: ***** **** **** *** ******** ******** ****

of

*****

*** **

***** dWhat's

****

** mine

******** ***

******* ******** months *** *** ***** ** age ************** ********** typically ********* ** * ****** more ***** ********* aone *******

words

****

******* words ****** *******

****** *****

hundred words ******** *** ***** ***

been ******* ** ***

*********** ******

since ** *** **** ** **** and ** *** ****** ** halve ******* with **** In ***

classroom

*******

he ***** **

have ********** with

**** ******** ***

********* containing fractions

This **

** ******* of ********* ******** interaction ************** ********* ********* ********** da **************** variant ******** 43 ***** ** the ********* ********** ********* *** ********* of *** ************ stage ** FALSE? Answers: aChildren ** this ***** ***** about *** ***** ******* ***** ****** *** ******* ******

***

*********

bChildren in

**** stage

*** ****

** create mental

*************** of

******** ******* outside themselves ********* in this ***** ***************** by making ******* contact ****

********

*********

** **** stage ***************** by ****** motor ******* with objects ******** *** ************ **** needs **

******* * **** ****** *** ***** tomorrow *** ****** ** ********* because **** ** **********

and ***** ** **** **** finishing it ***** ** the *********

********** ***** best ********* *********** behavior ** *** part of **********

******** *********

aWriting *** ****** *** Anne ********* **** to ****** the ****** ******* **** ******* working ******* her ************ *********** Anne **** ** * ****** ***** the ********** plot ******* Anne ********* ***** *** ********** ***** ******** 45 ** say **** a *****

infant's

***********

**** *** *********** ** *********

***** **** the ******* ********* ******* ** *** *********** ******* ****** ********* control

**** his ** *** ******** **** ************* respond ** the

*********** through ******** and ****** actions ****

****** in

*************** learning without ************ a ******** ******** **** ****** in *************** ******** ** * ******* ***

***********

*******

******** *** **** ***** with an ********* displacement ******* an ******* ********* ********

an ****** ***** hidden ** *** location and **** ******* as

it ** ***** to a ********* ********* ******** an ******

being ****** ** *** location *** then *** ****** is ********

***** to

* ********* ********* cwatches *** objects ***** ****** **

********

*********

and then ******* ** the two ******* *** ********* ******** *** ******* ***** ****** ** *** **** ******** ***

then one object ** ******** moved to a ********* location Question 47 ******** examining Piaget's ****** in a ******

** different ******** ********* ***** ********* ********* seem ** **** ******* ************ stages in *** **** *****

*** ** the **** **** ********** ********* **** ** pass through ************ stages ** the **** ***** but *** ***********

** ***

**** **** worldwide **** children ********** ** cultural ********** ** *********** level

eventually

******

****** *********** **** ***** ** ***** *********** ******* ****** operations *** *** **** in industrialized *** *****************

********** ******** *** *** ************ ***** ***** ***** ********* ****** until *** ***** *** ***** ****** ages * **

** cage * ***** *** child starts ******* dbirth ***** about *** **

******** 49 Which ** *** following ** ** ******* ** Vygotsky's ******* ** ******* ******** *********

****** ***

Jessica are ***** who ****

**

**********

in ** imaginary language ************ announces

** himself that ** **

***** down *** ****** ***** ***** ***

son ******** **** his zipper

** *****

****** *** *** ******* ** **** ***** about *** ****** **** ***** ********

***

****

children are ******** a new activity **** ***** **** ***** ** order to

**** ******* and ********** ** ********** Vygotsky ******** ** this ****

** "talking aloud" *** ********* ******* ******* ******** ******* cpublic

speech ******* speech ******** *** **** ************** thinking is ********************** it *****

**** *****

********* ********** think ***** * problem **** ***** people's perspectives bcan ******* ****** in egocentric ********* **** ******** ******** ******* of * problem ** the **** ***** dcan *******

**********

**

******** and

multiplication *********

******** ***

** a

young *****

Grace **** ***** for *** ****** ********* *** ********

that

they

felt ****** *** forgotten This ** most ******* an

example *** ********* ************* ********* ***************

************* ***** ******** *** **** **** *********** toy ***** out **

***** ***** her bed she immediately ****** **

****** ***

** **** ********* ******* **** *** behavior illustrate? ********* *************** ********* ******* *********** dCentration ******** *** *** primary limitation ** children's ******** ****** *** ******** operations

*****

**

****

*****

*********

amaster ***

****** **

transitivity ************* *** class ********* in * sequential ******* **** think ********* only about tangible ** ******** ********* ******** *** *********** **** only ****** **

deductive

*********

*****

**********

like ***

********

******** *******

think ***** process *** only see *** ********* *** *** of a ******** ********

55

*********

** ******** *** ******* of ****** ******** ****** and activity *** making **

******** *** ****** ** ******* Answers: ***************** ***************** cmediation *************** ******** ***

************** understanding **** objects *** people *** belong to **** **** ***

******** ** * time *** be ******** ** ***** ********* to Answers: *********** *********

****** *********

********* ************* problems **** *************** ***** ******** *** ********* to * constructivist *********** which of *** ********* ********** **

TRUE?

Answers:

*******

********

the

***********

** **

******** ****** *** ** *** **** *** **************** bYoung ******** ****** ***** *** *********** *************** of ******* *** ****** ** **** ****** **

****

***

******* ***

individuals ****** ***

****** **

***** *************** **

*** *******

interpret ***** *********** ***** their ******* ******** knowledge and ************ ******** 58

*******

**

child *********** generally ***** **** *** **** revolutionary *** influential ******** ** *** *****

** ***** *********** was Answers: ********** ****** **** Vygotsky ***** ******* ********* *****

******** 59 ********* ** ****** **** an ****** is out ** ****** ******* ** motor

******* **** a ***** ** *** earliest ******** of sensorimotor development

*** ******

********* adevelops * primitive ******** ************** ** the ************ ******** bdoes *** **** or ******** anything ***** *** ******* **********

the

object

*** **

********* **

****** ***

it ******

** an

******** attempt ** **** *** ****** ********* Question *** The ability ** ****** in ******** ********* ***** ************ ****** **** *** *** ******** *********** ******** **

*****

of

************ ****** of ********* ************* ********* ********* operations *******

*********** ************** ***************

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