To support your work, use your course and text readings and also use outside academic sources (no wikis, etc.). As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the cit

To support your work, use your course and text readings and also use outside academic sources (no wikis, etc.). As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format.

The Digestive System

Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:

1. Identify and describe the six major processes involved in gastrointestinal activity.
2. What role do hormones play in hunger and satiety?
3. Outline the usual pathway for digestion and absorption of triglycerides (fats).
4. Explain the role of the hormones cholecystokinin and secretin in regulating the release of bile and pancreatic juices.
5. Why is it necessary for the stomach contents to be so acidic? How does the stomach protect itself from digestion?
6. Identify three ways the small intestine is modified to increase the surface area for digestion and absorption.

Metabolism

Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:

1. Ketosis develops in the postabsorptive state. What is ketosis? Why does it develop? What metabolic effects does it have?
2. What happens during protein catabolism? How is this related to nitrogen balance?
3. Briefly outline the role of the liver in glucose metabolism.

The Urinary System

Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:

1. List each organ of the urinary system and concisely describe its function.
2. Identify and describe the three major processes involved in urine formation.
3. What is the creatinine clearance?.

Fluid, Electrolyte, and pH Balance

Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:

1. The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life. List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.
2. Why does maintaining fluid balance in older people require a higher water intake than in a normal, healthy adult under age 40?
3. Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?
4. Saline solution is used to reverse hypotonic hydration. Are body cell membranes permeable to saline? Explain your response.
5. Explain the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
6. Explain how ADH compensates for blood that contains too many solutes.

The Reproductive System

Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:

1. How does mitosis differ from meiosis?
2. The release of FSH and LH from gonadotropes in the adenohypophysis is separately controlled by the same hypothalamic releasing hormone, GnRH. How is it possible to organize their secretion during the menstrual cycle?
3. Your male patient is having a vasectomy and is concerned about testosterone levels after the procedure. Explain what he should expect after his vasectomy.
4. Describe the process of spermatogenesis.
5. What hormones promote ovulation? Describe how the levels of these hormones change in the days prior to ovulation.
6. A contraceptive pill "tricks the brain" into thinking you are pregnant. What does this mean?

Development and Inheritance

Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:

1. What activity during oocyte activation prevents penetration by additional sperm?
2. Outline the events that take place between exposure of the oocyte to spermatozoa and formation of the first blastomere pair.
3. List and briefly characterize the three trimesters of gestation.
4. Describe the events of embryonic development from conception until the fetal stage, including development of the primary germ layers.
5. List and describe the three stages of labor.