Touchstone 1: Developing a Research PlanSCENARIO: Imagine that you work for a nonprofit organization that is focused on increasing diversity in community groups in your area. Your supervisor asks you

Touchstone 1: Developing a Research PlanSCENARIO: Imagine that you work for a nonprofit organization that is focused on increasing diversity in community groups in your area. Your supervisor asks you to develop a sociological study concerning topics of diversity and collaboration in a specific community group of your choice. Eventually, you will prepare to share your research with colleagues.ASSIGNMENT: For Touchstone 1, you will begin by formulating a question about diversity in a community group that you have access to. Then you will use the steps of the scientific method to prepare a research plan, including a bibliography for a literature review. As you learned, sociologists follow the scientific method so that their results are both scientifically valid and useful to the greater sociological community. A literature review allows researchers to learn from completed studies and to build upon their conclusions. HINTFor Touchstone 3 which will be completed later in Unit 3, you must incorporate your selected community group and research question from Touchstone 1 to conduct a literature review and develop your hypothesis and research plan.Use the following Touchstone 1 template to fill in your research plan as you develop it. When you have finished, submit this template to move on to the next unit.In order to foster learning and growth, all work you submit must be newly written specifically for this course. Any plagiarized or recycled work will result in a Plagiarism Detected alert. Review Touchstones: Academic Integrity Guidelines for more about plagiarism and the Plagiarism Detected alert. For guidance on the use of generative AI technology, review Ethical Standards and Appropriate Use of AI.A. DirectionsStep 1: Pick a Topic

Select a community group to study. Some examples of community groups you might explore include:

• An activity-based group like a book club, a soccer team, or a community choir
• A religious or ideological community such as a church congregation or a local political party
• A community organization like a Parent Teacher Association (PTA), a neighborhood association, or the volunteer committee at a local soup kitchen
• An identity-based organization such as a social club for veterans or a fraternal type organization

It should be a group in which membership is voluntary and recreational.

Avoid the following:

• Families
• Workplaces
• Ethnic or racial categories
• Friend groups

You might wish to choose a group that you are a part of, or you might not. You can use your personal experience with the group to form the basis of your research question. Or you can ask members of the group about their experiences, which will help you develop your research question.In the template, write a paragraph (approximately 6-8 sentences) describing the community group you have chosen. In particular, be sure to answer the following questions:

• What is the community group?
• What are the attributes or characteristics of this community group? (e.g. What activities does this group do together? What element of the members' interests or identities brings them together? How is membership in the group defined, if at all?)
• What kind of experience with or access to this community group do you have?

 HINTYou will use this same topic in Touchstone 3 when you present your research plan.

Step 2: Ask a Question

Next, you will formulate a question related to this group, and to topics related to diversity and/or collaboration. You might think about diversity in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion, socioeconomic status, or along multiple intersecting identities. Be sure to use what you learned in Unit 1 about the ways sociologists ask questions.

Examples:

• What are the challenges of a mom’s community organization in appealing to moms with children of different ages?
• How does a group of car enthusiasts reach out to the surrounding community to get support for their events?
• How has the Boy Scouts accepting girls impacted their mission and programs?
• Do gender segregated sports teams for kids help maintain traditional gender roles?

In the template, write the question you have formulated for your study. Be sure to identify the Independent and Dependent variables and identify them correctly. (HINT: Refer back to Lesson 1.3.3: Asking Questions and Lesson 1.3.5: Formulating a Hypothesis for help.)

Step 3: Prepare a Bibliography

Finally, you will begin developing a bibliography for a review of the existing literature that relates to your question. Before conducting a full literature review, a sociologist will build a bibliography, or a list of potential sources that they will read and study in greater depth in the review.

Collect 4-6 articles, books, or other resources that relate to your question and list them in your template. You don’t have to look into these materials in depth right now! You’ll review this literature more closely in Touchstone 3, and you will also be exposed to additional relevant research and frameworks in Unit 3. You’ll also be able to add to or amend your bibliography before you submit Touchstone 3 in Unit 3.

Attributes of good readings for your literature review:

• They are academic, scholarly works about research findings or they are reliable journalistic reporting based on scientifically credible and reliable data.
• They should have been published in the last 10 years—unless they are a landmark work on the topic and provide important background or as a comparison.
• They look at different sides of the argument and a variety of perspectives.
• They do not have to be written by sociologists or published in sociology journals, but they should be academic and not popular works.

Where to find readings:More than likely you will use a major search engine like Google Scholar. Start your search by identifying key search terms related to your research question, to generate relevant results. Google Scholar specifically searches scholarly literature. However, keep in mind that much of this literature may have limited or paid access. Another good place to search is in a public library or university library catalog or database. You might also want to try regular Google, but you will have to be careful to screen your results and make sure you only select academic sources. Whichever way you choose to search, make sure that you are selecting credible sources.

What makes a source credible?Credible sources are written by authors who are well known in their field. They are based on scientific data—not opinions or with biased observations. Sources should be from reliable outlets, like major publishers, universities, think tanks, and credentialed current practitioners. (HINT: Refer back to Lesson 1.3.4: Researching Existing Sources for more guidance.)

How to format sources in your bibliography:Sociologists use American Psychological Association (APA) format for their research. However, you will use a more simplified method to format sources for your bibliography. You will include five key elements for each source, with each element separated by a period:

• Author’s name(s)
• Publisher and publication date
• Title of the source, in quotation marks
• Page numbers (if applicable)
• Source's location for web-based texts (URL)

EXAMPLE

 Alireza Behtoui. Journal of Sociology, 2015. "Beyond social ties: The impact of social capital on labour market outcomes for young Swedish people." p. 711-724. journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1440783315581217

Refer to the checklist below throughout the writing process. Do not submit your Touchstone until it meets these guidelines.

1. Identify Community Group❒ Have you identified and described a voluntary, recreational community group?❒ Have you provided group attributes/characteristics of this group?❒ Have you discussed your experience with or access to this group?

2. Research Question❒ Have you selected a research question that is sufficiently specific to be researchable while tying in to broader themes in sociology?❒ Have you clearly identified independent and dependent variables?❒ Are your independent and dependent variables in the correct relationship?

3. Bibliography❒ Have you provided 4-6 credible, relevant, recent, and properly cited sources?❒ Did you properly format these sources and include the five key elements for each source, with each element separated by a period:

• Author’s name(s)
• Publisher and publication date
• Title of the source, in quotation marks
• Page numbers (if applicable)
• Source's location for web-based texts (URL)

4. Conventions❒ Have you proofread your essay for grammatical and mechanical errors?❒ Have you used spell check or another method to check spelling?

5. Before You Submit❒ Have you included your name and date at the top left of the page?

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Touchstone 3: Presenting a Research PlanSCENARIO: Your supervisor has approved your research question and plan for studying some aspect of diversity and/or collaboration in a community group. Now it is time to conduct your literature review and develop your hypothesis and research plan.ASSIGNMENT: In Touchstone 1, you developed a research question and prepared a preliminary bibliography for your literature review. You will now conduct your literature review, formulate your hypothesis and research plan, and develop a set of notecards that summarize your work.REQUIREMENTS: You must create 8-11 notecards using the touchstone template below. Your notecards will include:

• introduction card
• research question card
• literature review (4–6 cards)
• hypothesis card
• operational definitions card (if needed)
• research method card

Use the following Touchstone 3 template to create your note cards. When you have finished, submit this template.

Touchstone 3 Template

Touchstone 3 Sample

Before you get started, let’s look at how you’ll build your notecards, step by step.

In order to foster learning and growth, all work you submit must be newly written specifically for this course. Any plagiarized or recycled work will result in a Plagiarism Detected alert. Review Touchstones: Academic Integrity Guidelines for more about plagiarism and the Plagiarism Detected alert. For guidance on the use of generative AI technology, review Ethical Standards and Appropriate Use of AI.A. DirectionsStep 1: Revise Touchstone 1

First, return to the community group description, research question, and proposed bibliography that you submitted in Touchstone 1, and make any necessary changes based on feedback from the grader. You will likely want to refine your reading list based on the feedback you received and what you learned about diversity and collaboration in Unit 3.

Step 2: Conduct a Literature Review

Next, complete your reading for your literature review.

Reminder of attributes of good readings for your literature review:

• They are academic, scholarly works about research findings or they are reliable journalistic reporting based on scientifically credible and reliable data.
• They should have been published in the last 10 years—unless they are a landmark work on the topic and provide important background or as a comparison.
• They look at different sides of the argument and a variety of perspectives.

As you complete each reading, take notes. Some of the questions you could ask about each reading include:

1. Who wrote this article? Is it the researchers themselves, or is it a journalist writing about their findings?
2. Where was it published? Is it a scholarly publication like an academic journal, or is it for a popular audience? If the publication is for a popular audience, how would you characterize the audience?
3. Do they have an academic affiliation? Are the researchers sociologists, or are they of a different discipline?
4. When was the research conducted?
5. What question were the researchers attempting to answer?
6. How does this question/topic relate to my question/topic?
7. What methods did they use to study their question?
8. What conclusions did they draw from their results?
9. How do their conclusions impact my research question, hypothesis, or research plan?

As you did for your first Touchstone, you will include five key elements for each source, with each element separated by a period:

• Author’s name(s)
• Publisher and publication date
• Title of the source, in quotation marks
• Page numbers (if applicable)
• Source's location for web-based texts (URL)

EXAMPLE

 Alireza Behtoui. Journal of Sociology, 2015. "Beyond social ties: The impact of social capital on labour market outcomes for young Swedish people." p. 711-724. journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1440783315581217

Step 3: Formulate a Hypothesis, State Your Operational Definitions, and Choose a Research Method

Hypothesis

Now, formulate a hypothesis for your research question and choose a sociological research method appropriate for testing your hypothesis. While you won’t be conducting the research, you will write up a description of how you plan to conduct your research. (HINT: Refer back to Lesson 1.3.5: Formulating a Hypothesis, Lesson 1.3.6: Collecting Data: Quantitative Approaches , and Lesson 1.3.6: Collecting Data: Quantitative Approaches for help.)

A formal hypothesis states the relationship between two variables—one is independent (IV) and one is dependent (DV). It must also be formatted as an If/Then statement, for instance:

• If people eat chocolate (IV), then they will get pimples (DV).
• If people go to the gym (IV), then they will be fit (DV).

Operational Definitions

Next, state your operational definition. Operational definitions identify important concepts related to the research. For example, If your community organization includes students, are they K-12? College? Medical? Or are students defined as: young adults between the ages of 18-21 who are attending a particular college or university?

Research Method

Then, choose a research method. Deciding on a research method will also take some thought and planning:

1. Will you use qualitative or quantitative research or a combination?
2. How will you engage subjects or find your data?
3. What kinds of tools and assessments will be used to gather the data?

Step 4: Prepare Your Notecards

Finally, incorporate Steps 1-4 to prepare a set of notecards for your proposed research study. Use the template provided to create 8-11 notecards that present the work you completed in Steps 1-4.

NotecardComponentIntroductionYour introduction notecard should introduce your audience to the community group being studied.Research questionYour second notecard will state your research question.Literature Review (4-6 cards)Now that you’ve introduced your community group and research question, it’s time to add information to your literature review notecards. Each source should have one notecard. The notecard should describe the information and analysis you performed in Step 2.HypothesisYour hypothesis notecard should describe your hypothesis.Operational definitionsYour operational definitions notecard should include and explain any operational definitions you developed for your study. You may skip this card if you have none.Research methodYour research method notecard should introduce your proposed research method and explain how you propose to conduct your research.

Refer to the checklist below throughout the writing process. Do not submit your Touchstone until it meets these guidelines.

1. Literature Review: Sources and Feedback❒ Have you provided 4-6 sources appropriate for a sociological literature review?❒ Have you addressed all feedback on the Unit 1 Touchstone bibliography?

2. Literature Review: Description and Analysis❒ Have you thoroughly and accurately described your sources and identified relevance to the research topic?❒ Did you properly format these sources and include the five key elements for each source, with each element separated by a period:

• Author’s name(s)
• Publisher and publication date
• Title of the source, in quotation marks
• Page numbers (if applicable)
• Source's location for web-based texts (URL)

3. Hypothesis and Operational Definitions❒ Is your hypothesis well-aligned to the research question?❒ Is your hypothesis testable and predicts outcomes between two or more identified variables?❒ Are all concepts needing operational definitions identified and definitions are provided?

4. Research Method❒ Did you select and explain a qualitative or quantitative research method that is suitable to the research question?❒ Did you identify specific instruments?

5. Conventions❒ Have you proofread your essay for grammatical and mechanical errors?❒ Have you used spell check or another method to check spelling?

6. Before You Submit❒ Have you included your name and date at the top left of the page?