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Welding fumes are a common occupational exposure. Several different welding fumes can cause similar adverse health effects. Personal sampling of a welding operation at a manufacturing facility produce
Welding fumes are a common occupational exposure. Several different welding fumes can cause similar adverse health effects. Personal sampling of a welding operation at a manufacturing facility produced the following 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) results for individual metal fumes. Metal Fume Result OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV Antimony 0.05 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³ Beryllium 0.00001 mg/m³ 0.002 mg/m³ 0.00005 mg/m³ (I) Cadmium 0.025 mg/m³ 0.1 mg/m³ 0.01 mg/m³ Chromium 0.02 mg/m³ 1 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³ Copper 0.03 mg/m³ 0.1 mg/m³ 0.2 mg/m³ Iron Oxide 0.5 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³ 5 mg/m³ (R) Magnesium Oxide 0.02 mg/m³ 15 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³ Molybdenum 0.003 mg/m³ 15 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³ (I) BOS 4301, Industrial Hygiene 3 Nickel 0.25 mg/m³ 1 mg/m³ 1.5 mg/m³ (I) Zinc Oxide 0.3 mg/m³ 5 mg/m³ 2 mg/m³ (R) (R) Respirable fraction (I) Inhalable fraction Briefly summarize the primary health effects associated with overexposure to each type of metal fume, including both acute and chronic health effects. Explain what analytical methods you would use for evaluating health hazards in the workplace. Identify the types of metal fumes that would produce similar health effects on an exposed worker. Assume that each listed metal can cause respiratory irritation. Use the equation in 1910.1000(d)(2)(i) to calculate the equivalent exposure (in relation to OSHA PELS) for the metal fumes with similar health effects based on the “Result” column in the table above. Discuss whether you believe any of the individual metal fume exposures or the combined exposure exceeds an OSHA PEL or an ACGIH TLV.
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** potassium ********** A *** ******** ** *** ****** ********** ****** of *** lungs *** ******** *** *** *********** ** ******** ** the **** nasopharyngeal pruritus ***** blocking ******** *** ******** (Olaguibel *** ******* ************ cough and ******** **** ******** in *** ***** ** ***** the subjects ******* "massive ******** of ************ ******** ****** ********* ** *** nasal ****** without ***** ****** *********** *** found ** both ******** **** ******** examination (Meyers ***** ** * ****** ******* ***** where poor exhaust ******** ** *********** **** concentrations of chromium trioxide ***** ******* *********** ******** of ******** ********** ******* ********* and a ******* ********* **** they **** ******* **** the ******** tanks All **** ** the ******** had ***** ***** *** ********* ********* *** nasal ****** ********** ** *********** after ***** months ** ******** ********** ***** ****** ********* ** * man *** *** **** **** until * **** after ********* ********** ** ** ************* **** challenged **** an inhalation ******** ** a sample ** chromium(III) sulfate ** ********* ******** ******** *** ********* forced ********** ****** ** **** *** * ****** ********* ******** ** ****** sulfate ****** ** ** ***** **** **************** ****** may ***** ** **** sensitized *********** ******* ** elevated ************** of ******** in air *** the number ** ********** *********** is *** *** *** ****** ** *********** *********** ********* ** *** ******** ******** is ***************** ** chronic-duration ************ ******** ** ************ *** cause ** ********* risk of ***** due to noncancer *********** disease ** * retrospective ********* ***** of **** **** *** **** female workers ******** *** ** ***** * months ** a ****** ******* *** ***** engineering plant in *** ****** ******* ******* 1946 *** **** * ************* significant ****** ** ***** **** diseases of *** *********** ****** *********** **** ******** for men ****************** ************ ******** ********* ratio ********* p<005) *** *** and women combined *********** ******* p<005) but not *** ***** alone ******** was ****** ** ******** ******** but ******** ************** **** *** ********* ***** The contribution ** ****** ******** to the ******* was ***** to be *********** ***** data ** ******* ****** **** not ********* ******** et ** 1987) Similarly a **** *** *** ***** *** ********* *********** ******* ***** **** **** ******** ******* *** **** employed *** at ***** * ****** ** three ******** plants ** *** ****** ****** during *** ***** *********** and ******** *** ** ***** ************ ******** ******* 1966) *** ********* **** ** ***** from *********** ******* ********** **** ******** ** employment ** ******** ********** *** ** *********** on exposure ****** ******* ****** ** exposure ** ***** ********* *** ******** *** ****** ** the *********** diseases *** not ******* ********* ** ****** ** ***** ******* ******** ********** ******* ** *** ****** Kingdom who **** ***** ******** ****** **** *** a **** risk of ***** **** ******* *********** airways ******* ************ ******* ********* ******* et ** 1991) Exposure ************** were not ***** *** ******** smoking data **** *** availableOccupational exposure ** ************ ** chromium ******** ** *** ************** ******** ****** ***** respiratory ******** * **** history ** **** men ** * ****** ******* ******** ******** seven cases ** ***** ****** ********** ***** *** ******** ******** ********** ***** ******* and soreness *** ********* *** *** were ******* from ** to ** ****** to chromium ******** ** concentrations ranging **** 009 ** *** ** *************** (Kleinfeld *** ***** 1965) ************** ******* in Sao Paulo ****** exposed to chromium ******** ****** while working **** *** chromium ******** ********* had frequent ********** ** ******** expectoration ***** irritation sneezing ********** *** ********** *** developed ***** ****** ********** *** perforation *** ******* *** been ******** *** <1 **** *** most ** *** workers *** **** ******* ** ************** ****** ** *************** ****** ***** Nose *** ****** irritation rhinorrhea *** ********** **** ******** at ****** ********* ** chrome platers in ********* **** in ******** **** *** *** ************* ******* ** ******* *********** exposed ** chromium(VI) compounds **** ******** nasal septum *********** and ***** *********** effects ******* ** ** electroplating ******** ******* ** ************* ** *************** ** ******** trioxide *** ** average of *** ****** ********** of ********* sneezing rhinorrhea *** epistaxis **** ** *** ******* *** *********** and/or perforations ** the ***** ****** (Cohen ** ** ***** * study ***** **** ************** ***** were ********* by *** ****** platers and **** controls ***** * ************* significant increase ** the ********* of ******* rhinitis ******** **** ********** and nasal ulcers *** ************ ** ******* ******* ** ************ ** the ****** plating ******** ** ** ****** ******** ** the ******* population ****** ****** *** ******* had **** exposed to ************ ** *** *** ** dust *** *** ****** were generally <003 ** chromium(VI)/m3 and dust levels **** ********* ******* ** *** ** ** ************** *** exposure ****** ** ***** ******* ***** ******** ***** *** be determined A NIOSH Health ****** ********** ** ** ************** ******** in *** ****** ****** ******** ***** septum *********** ** * ** ** ******* ******** *** ** ******* of ** years *** ******* to **** ************** ** **** ** *************** Many of *** ******* had ********* ******** and nasal ********** (Lucas and ********** 1975) ***** ******* ******* ******* from ********** to *********** of the ****** were ***** among ** ********* ** ***** chromium ************** ********** ** ************** ***** the **** ***** in the ********* **** ***** *** ******* baths *** **** mg *************** ********* et ** ***** The incidence ** ********* ***** *********** *** nose ******** ** nasal obstruction *** ***** crusting was significantly increased ** workers ******** ** ******** ******* ********* (mean ********** duration ** ** ****** in An-San Korea compared ** ** ********* ******* ***** ********* ** ** ***** *** ************** ** chromium(VI) ****** from **** ** 003 ** *************** *** ** ************* ranged **** 0005 ** 006 ** chromium(III)/m3 Increased ********** of ***** ****** perforation nasal septum ulcer and ***** *********** **** ******** ** workers ** ******** ************** ********** exposed *** * mean ******** of 61 years ** ******** to workers ** **** ************** ********** **** ** ** 1997a) *** ******** ************** ******* *** *** *** *** ***** greater ******* ********** ***** ****** ****** or ***** ************ ************ **** the **** ******* A *********** ************ ******* duration ** ******** *** *** **** of ***** ****** ****** *** **** ****** *** ******** electroplating ******* **** * **** ******** of ***** ***** had * **** *** times ****** than ***** **** * **** duration of <2 ***** ******** *** *** ************* affect *** **** of nasal *********** ************* significant decreases in vital capacity ****** ***** capacity (FVC) and ****** ********** ****** ** * second ****** **** **** ******** in *** ******** ******* *********** ** lung function **** **** ******** ** * ***** of ** workers at ** ******** ************** facilities ****** ** al ***** ************* *********** decreases ** forced ********** ****** ** * ****** and forced ********** flow were ********* ***** ******** *** *** altered Lower lung ******** values **** ***** ***** workers **** **** ******* chromium ****** (exposure ****** were *** ********* *** it *** determined that cigarette ******* was not * *********** variableA ***** of *********** ******* **** ******** *** changes ** *** ***** ****** ** 43 ****** plating ******* ** ****** ******* ** ************ as ******** ******** *** ******** ***** ********** years) ******** *********** ******* ** occupational ******** levels ** **** ** chromium(VI)/m3 ***** *** symptoms ** adverse ***** effects were observed and ******** ** mean ******** levels of 0002–02 ** chromium(VI)/m3 ******* noted ** ≤0002 ** chromium(VI)/m3included a smeary *** ****** ****** mucosa *** ********* mucosa ***** ******* ********** *** ****** *********** ******** in *********** ******* at **** ****** ** 002–0046 ** **************** nasal ******* atrophy *** ********** occurred ** individuals ******* ** **** ****** ** 00025–0011 mg **************** *** ** significant nasal ******* **** observed ** *********** ******* ** **** levels ** ************ ** chromium(VI)/m3 Workers ******* to mean ************** of 0002–002 mg chromium(VI)/m3 *** ****** transient ********* ** *** ****** ******* ****** ** 1 second (FEV1) and ****** ************** flow during *** ******* ******* ******* ** ******** ** *************** ****** ** ******* ** lung function ********* *** ************ ***** *** ************** ** ***** minor **** ******** ******* **** ******** *********** ** chromium(VI)/m3) and those ** ***** ** changes were ******** ********* mg **************** *** ******* to ***** *** ***** ******* ************* ** **************** *** ******* ******** ** **** ***** *** not **** resulted **** ******** ****** actually ******** but *** **** ******** **** earlier ******** ***** unknown ********** *********** **** ******** ******* ********* ********* in transfer ** chromium(VI) ** ****** plating solutions **** the ***** to *** **** ***** contribute ** *** *********** ** ***** ********** and *********** (Cohen ** ** ***** Lucas and ********** ***** perhaps ******* ** an *************** ** airborne levels of ************ ********* to ***** these ******* Despite ***** ************** the ***** by ******** *** ************ ****** ** ****** ******* ** ********* *********************** ** ************ ********* **** ***** *********** ***** *** respiratory effects The ***** ** **** ** *************** for *********** ******* ** humans *** used ** ********* ** inhalation ***** ********* ** *************** *** ********************* exposure to ************ ** chromium ******** mists *** ***** dissolved ********** ******** ******** or ***************** ******** ** ************ ****** ************* ** ***** **************** industries has **** been ********** **** *********** ******* ***** ********** ******* ******** *** ********** ********** ********* ***** ******* and ******** ************* ********** *** ******** ******