What are the mechanisms used by countries to provide relief from double taxation?

What are the mechanisms used by countries to provide relief from double taxation? Under what circumstances is it advantageous to take a deduction rather than a credit for taxes paid in a foreign country? How can transfer pricing be used to reduce the amount of withholding taxes paid to a government on dividends remitted to a foreign stockholder? Use the journal below

 here is a link to an article on transfer pricing from the Journal of Accountancy, the AICPA's flagship publication, that I would like you to read: http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2013/oct/20137721.html (McKinley & Owsley, 2013).

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