what is the nature and characters of th state in post colonial society

*** ****** congratulate *** African Association *** PublicAdministration *** Management ******* *** choosing ** *** themefor *** ******* ****** ********** *** ******* ** ******************* *** **** ********** in ******* ************ *** thePublic ******** ***** *** ** least two ******* *** this feelingof elation ***** *** *********** **** *** ****** of ************* ************** ** *** **** ** ****** ** *** ****** *********** ********** ** unsightful ** cannot ******* ** tacklethe problem ** ******* public ******** ******** **** *** *************** systems ** which the ****** service ** ****** aninstrument Previous efforts ** ****** ******* ****** ************ ****** ******* ******* of ************* ** **** ******************** ******** *** ********** ******** an ************** us ** reflect ** the ************ between politics *** ********** ****** *** political *** ************** realms **** ********* ** ** possible to argue **** *** ******* ** ***** only ************************* ****** ** 'power' ******* ******* **** *********** ******* concerns ** ** *** end to which power *********** ******** ******** ********* welfare ******************* *** ********* *** administrative ***** is * majorexplanation for *** governance ****** in ******** **** paper * ****** ** review ******* *** ********* ***** ******* ** the ***** ** political science ********** * shallthen ****** **** ** the evolution ** *** State ** ****** ** ******** ******* I ***** ***** ** *** ********** problematics ** ********** ***** ******* I ***** ****** suggestions **************** ******* states and then relate this ***************** ******* ** *** ********** The Evolution of *** ******* ** *** State ********* ********* ************* ******* ** *** state has **** *** ofthe majorpreoccupations ** ********* ************ ** the Western ***** *********** ** the modern ****** Both ******* *** clericphilosophers **** ******** to ***** ********* ** *************** ******* ** *********** ****** Locke ******* to ************* **** ** **** Tocqueville *** **** Marx **** ************ *** ******* ***** *********** spanned *** ****** **** ******** century **** ** *** twentieth ******* (AD) *** *** ***** *** contributions of these ******* ************ ** the conceptof *** ***** ** *** ********* *********** *** ***** ** *** **** complex **** ** ***** ****************** *** therefore ******** superior ********** than *************** ************* such ** *** family the **** *** thevillage ***** ******* ****** ** The ***** ******** ************** *** the ******* ********** ** human sociability ************** of ****** ***** ****** ******** **** ** law **** inits citizen to a higher ****** **** *** household or ******* iscapable ** doing ** *********** ********** *** instance ******* state ********** politics *** ethics ** the **** ********************* ***** ******* ********** the ***** **** *** ***** ***** * ******* social institution ***** *** ****** and *** village)but ** ********** construct ******* to ***** certain limitedultimately selfish ******** With *** **** ** *** modern ************** **** ** the ********** ********* ** the ****** *************** ******** Some *********** ****** ** ** ******* state ***** should ********** ******** or shared with *** ****** based ** **** **** ********** ****** ********* ******* there ** ** *********** onthe point that the ********* ** the ************ ******** ***************** ** political ***** **** ****** ******** **** ************ ****** may ** *** ** the ****** ** ***** ***** ************ individualThird whereas ****** ********* ************ ********* ******* * ******** ******* ****** *** ******** ** ****************** solely ** ***** *** *************** ***** ************** including ****** ************* marxists *** *************** ******** the ***** ** an ********* ********** of ********** ***** ruling ******* together **** the post-cold *** politicaltheorists have *********** the classical ***** ** politics ********* *** ******* ************* **** ********** or ************** ** *** ****** ** **** ************* ********* ofconceiving the ***** ** ************* **** ****** *** ********** ******* then *** state ** ********* ** Western traditionis * ****** ******** ***** is expected ** ** *** ********** ** ********* ******** ** abstration the ***** possesses ****** ************* which *** ********* ** *** government ** the *** (muchlike * company *** the ***** of directors) *** of *** ************* ********** ** *** ***** ** **** ** *********** ******** ******** ***** ** ********* ***** ************ **** *** ************* *** ******** political *************** ***** *** ************** ** advance *** ****** goodrather **** *** **** ** some ** * *** *** nature ** *** ******** ******* ** ********** by *** other *************** egwhether ** **** ** * ******** ***** ********** **** ************** law *** ***** ** a positive one ***** ******* thoseobstacles such ** ******* ********** *** **** working ************** ***** ** *** way of *** full ******* *** moral) ************* *** individual ****** *** societyII *** ********* ** *** ***** ** ********************* has **** *** **** important ****** ** ************ ** *** ****** African ***** It **** the ********** ***** ***** provided ** **** state structure * ********************** systems *********** etc ** **** ** ****** Africa ******* ****** ******* ** * **************** ************************ ** discussing the current ***** ** the ***** ******** we must not **** **** *** ***** **** ***** **** ********** ** thinking that there *** ** ***** ****** *** colonialencounter ***** *** * ***** ***** that * **** ************* ***** ******** ** *** ************ ***** ** **** of *** crisis ofAfrican ****** ** the ********* In **** ******* therefore ****** ******* *** pre-colonial colonial *** post-colonial ***************** ************ ***** ********* ** ******** is ********* to ***** ** *** ************ ***** for ************ ******* First *** ************ state even ****** theantecedent ** *** colonial state ******* sharply **** *** latterin terms ** ******* ****** *** structure ********************* ** the ******** ***** **** **** ******** ***** ********************* **** ****** the ******** *** ************* ********* ******** ****** is ** suppress *** supplant *** pre-colonialstate **** ****** *** latter *** much better integrated in ******* ***** ******* *** structureThis ****** ** ** *** ****** ****** for ******** on ************** state ** ***** ** *** ******* ** ******* supplantand ******** it *** ************ ***** ********* ******* theinstitution ***** ****** *** needs ** *** ******** of *** ************** especially ** *** ***** ***** ******** elements ** thepre-colonial ***** can ** ********* **** in ******** largestmetropolitan ************** ******* ****** ********** *** ***** ***** ** Africanpre-colonial political formations * *** *********** ** acephaloussocieties *** states ***** *********** ********* (chiefs)administrative ********* and ******** ************ ****************** ******** *** **** of ******* *** Kung ** ******* ************ of ***** *** ******* *** ** ****** *** ****** ******* On *** other **** ***** ********* ***** ****************** societies ********* in *** or ***** *********** *********** ******* **** ****** **** a *********** ********* ************** *** **** ************* in *** state or ********* societies Africanprecolonial ********* ************* *** **** ****** ******************* First the state *** ********* **** the ******* ***** *** citizens Some **** **** ahead ** ***** **** ascommunalism *** *** ******* ****** *** **** *** welfare ** *********** ****** **** just * *** ****** the ********* **************** *** ******* *** organized *** ********* purposes ** ******** ** lineage: **** *** ******* connected *** ****** ** ******** **** ******* *** state of ******* ******* support *** *************** **** ***** ********* *** ** *********** ******************* ***** *** ** aversion ** ************ *************** **** ** *** ****** ***** *** stateless ********* Adeliberate effort ** **** ** ****** ** ********* ********* ******** ******* *** large ****** ** ****** ****** *** ***** enough tohave ******** ***************** ********* recognized *** ******** and *************** in *********** ********* ******* **** **** *************** **** could ** ****** ** ********* ***** communitiesagainst ********** *** usually federated to ward off *************** ** the ***** hand **** also ******* *** ********************** ** ********* *** ******* ***** centralised ********************* Hence ** *** *** *** **** **** **** avoided ** ********** a number of ******** ********** ** the ****** ofcentralised governmentSimilarly **** ** the *********** ******** ****** *********** were ********** ******* ******* **** ****** ** theoryAfrican 'chiefs' wielded extensive *** seemingly ********* ********** **** ******* in ******** Some ofthe ****** ******** (i) theideal notions ** ********** ***** **** oral ********** was ******* ********** ********* ********** ****** than one who ********** ******** ** ******* **** ********** ** ********* orsupernatural ********* ********** ********** ** curses or *********** ruler ** ***** poison); ***** ***************** sanctions ********** ******* *** ***************** ******* ** *** ***** ****** Council ** ****** or6threat ** desposition) prohibitions/taboos *********** ********** ************* *** African ***** ********** the ****** ofcitizenship **** was ******* ********** *** formed a *********** ** *** initiation ceremonies ** ******** ******* ******** *** **** had to ***** *** art ** *** *** *** ****** to ******* to *** down their ***** *** the ************ they *** alsotaught ** ******* other ***** ** **** ******** **************** through ***** various *** ****** ***** women ******** to ** **** wives *** ******* to ***** children ** **** ************* ******* ** *** communityB The ******** ***** *** *** ************ ********* ******** ***** ** * ***** ******* *** ********* ** ******* arms As a ***** of ******** ** ** **** ********* ************** pre-colonial ***** institutions ** *** **** for tworeasons First *** ******** ***** *** ***** ** a ****** ******** *********** **** *********** ** Lord ******** ************* It therefore *** to supplant ******** `inferior'institutions ** met ******** *** colonial state *** short *********** **** *** *** ******** ** ********* *** ********** ******** extracting resources *** *** ******* of *** metropole To ****** ** ****** *** *** ***** it ******* ** 'indirect rule' ************* local chiefs **** *********** **** ***** ********** ************** ****** ******* ** those of *** ******** ************* where ***** **** stateless ********* *** ******************* ******* 'warrant chiefs'JS ****** describes *** ********* elements ** *** ************* *************** *** colonial ***** was `elitist *********** ************ ******* 1990:23) **** *** ******** ** *********** ************** *** *** ************* of authority toestablish ****** *** ********* ***** ** * ********* *************** **** ***** popular mechanisms of ******* **** wherethis authority *** ******** because of operating ********* with ****** *********** ****** ***** *** usually *** ********* by ****** anything *** ******* **** ******** rule ** ********* hisvaluerability ** ********* ******* *********** ** *********** **** the ******* ************* ***** ******** on more ******** ** *** ******** ***** ****** **** of *************** ******** legacy ** *** colonial ***** ** *** weak ******** ************** *********** ** the ******* ***** the ********* ofpower ****** **** authority and the low-level ** ************************ *** ************** ******* factors **************** ** this ************** ***** *** ****** ** major ************* ** thephilosophical *** ************ principles of the ***** ************** ******** a ****** ** ************* factors * ************* ** ************ and *********** ********** ** the ******* **** **** ******** ****** *********** state *** centralplanning ******* *** people **** ********** ******* ** ********* ***** to *** ***** ******* *********** ***** promised muchbu ********* ********* *** ********* Problematics of the ******* StateThe ******** ** the ***** **** from *** ***** ****************** First *** ******* ***** is ************ **** *** ********** *** ******* ***** is ************ from *** **** ** ********* ** ****** ******* *** ******* state ** ******** ** bestat amoral I ***** ******* **** ** ***** ** ***************** from *** ******* ******* state ** ************ from the ******* **** **** * ***** *********** *********** on its colonial origins ******* ** *** philosophy structure and ************ ******* ofbuilding ** *** pre-colonial ******** ** * have argued ** ******* ******* ** rather attempted ** ******** distort andbastardize ************ *********** ** the ***** and ******************* * ****** state institutions **** * ********** ************** *** ******** ** the ***** seems ** ** on ***** ** ************ ** ****** *** * ******** ******** ** Western conceptionsof ********* and ******** Western ************ ** ********** suchas *** *********** executive ******** *** ******* *** attendingnorms supporting them This *** ********* *** African statefurther **** *** **** and *** ********** *** ******* ******** ******* ** the attitude ** ************ ***************** African ******* Claiming **** ********** ** *** the struggle *** ************ **** appropriated ******** ** ***** ******** ******** *** *********** divisionexpected ******* ****** *** ******* ****** ** ******* ************ ********** were ********* **** ***** many ******* ***** ******** either ******** ********** *********** *** life' *************** ********* parties *** ** existence and proscribed orcircumscribed ***** ************ of ******* ******** ********* **** as *** ***** ************ ** even interestgroups ******* **** **** ** power ******* *** ****** ** ********* **** little ********** **** ******** their ******** andtheir ********* ** ********** with ***** interestWithin **** a ********* the ***** ****** ****** centralizedat ***** formally ******** ********** ************ **** the ****** *** society ** ** ***** *** ***** My ********* *** myselfhave ************* *** ******* ********** of *** ****************** ***** *** *** it ****** **** * ****** ***************** *** continentPolitically all ************ ** ******* are ********** ******** ******** to ********* ******** ************ ****** *************** **** *************** ***** is a high **************** the ****** ************ ** ***** and ********* ******* ********** ******** *** ****** ** ********** ********* ***** ** aconcentration ** ********* ****** the executive branch ** ************ ** other branches such ** *** legislature *** ************ **** *** ***** service ********* *** national *************** ** be ********** *** services which *** ******* ********* ******* ************ ********* *** ****** *********** ** othercountries **** ****** *** government ***** ** * ********** forconcentrating ********* *** ***** ********* at *** ****************** ofin *** ***** **************** ** the countryside ******** ******** of *** ****** **************** *** ***** ******** not **** ** control ********* what ** considered *** *********** sectors or *** economybut ******** **** ** ********* *** ***************** *** factorsof ********** (Wunsch ***** *********** ** * **** ******* ********** ******* the African state ** **** formally *********** ********* ** ** decentralised because the **** ** *** people ************** ** *** independent ** ** This explains their ************ ******* ***** ** getting ********** ** *********** passed ***** government **** Hyden ********* ******* ******* from this ********* ** ********** areAfrican ****** ***** *** * ******* ** ********** ** *** man ** ****** ****** that attempts to ****** *** ****** on *** **** ** ********** This has *** ********* consequences First it ** ******* ************* to *** ******** ********** *** normative9experience ** leadership ** ******* *** ****************** ********** the *********** of the ***** *** ******** of *** man or a ***** ***** ****** ******* (1991:99) argues **** 'consensuswas *** ******** feature ** the ********** African **************** * ************* unanimity was *** rule' *************** *** **** ********** and ********** African ******* ********** the **** ************ ******* **** ** this ********** **** ******* ** ******* ********* *** in ****************** The elders *** under * **** ********** ****** **** ****** ****** in ******************** Jerry ******** concurs: ************** decisionsmaking ** ****** ** **** ** consensus' ****** in *********************** ******* use *** **** ** ********* to ensure *********** ** *** tribe for ******* has ****** *** to some groupsleaving *** ******* *** ******* ** *********** villages ************ imposition of one-man rule ** **** * **** ** ******** onthe psyche ** African peoples ** *** ** * ******* ******** ******* ******* and the ****** ********** ** ********** *** *************** ** ******** ******** ****** ***************** then ***** us ** *** ****** *********** result ** ************** state ** governance ** ******* it *** **** ************** ************ ***** the **** strong **** ** ******************* those ** power tend ** ****** ** ** ***** *** perceivedas favoring their *** ******* ****** This has *** ** ***************** ******* ********* *** ***** *** ** ****** ** NigeriaKenya ***** ******** ********** ****** *** **** shown Theway ** ****** ************* ** **************** ** *** power ***** ***** to ******** and ***** entities *** **** is oftenstrongly ********* ** ***** *** ***** ***** power ** tantamount ************* *** ***** **** ***** *********** **** * framework ** which *** structure ** ***************** *********** it ******* ********** ** ********* **************** ** economic ******** and social *********** **** amillieu **** ******** the ****************** *** corrupt10enrichment ** *** ********* *********************** **** *** ************* ******* *** ******* ***** is disconnected **** thepast ** also ****** ************ **** *** **** ** the *************** ** ****** *** (1989) *** African ***** ** not a stateof all *** *** ***** ** *** *** *** *** fortunate ** ** at ******* of affairs Since **** ***** **** ** ***** the **** ********* ** stateless For ******** ****** ** * *** ************** **** ******* ******* ********* ** ***** ****** ****** *********** ********* conduct *** ******** transactions in *************** ******** even though *** majority of *** **************** ********** even ** their ****** *********** *** two important ************ ** **** ********************* from their *** people ***** the ***** does ********** ** *** ****** of *** people ********* of government havefound **** ** justifying ***** ***** ** ********* **** ** ************ *** ******** ******* They also ** *** see *** necessityfor ******* ** ********** ** ****** *********** **** reason *********** ******* ******* ****** *** theimpact of ***** ******** on the ****** **** **** ****** ** ******* *** the citizen ** comply **** *** government's ************ * ****** *** ******* ** *** people ** *** ***** ** weak ******* ***** **** ** ******* visible ** *** ********** ******* ***** services ***** ******* *********** deliver ** their peopleMost ********** ******** ******** * large ********* ****************** they **** ** exist to pay **** ****** ***** personnel ** ******* *** ********* ** ******* ******** * ******* *** **** novehicles ******** *** have ** ********** ** ******** (chalkpaper etc) ************ that have ** ********* ** ******************* ***** departments **** **** ** ********* ** ************* **** have no ***** Yet ***** agencies continue ** paysalaries ** ********* who *** never ******* any ******** ********* ** turn ******* to informal ********** *** ****************** ******* ******** ** ******* them **** these servicesIn one **** *** ******* ***** ** not * ********** ********** *********** ** African ******* **************** ******* ****** ** **** it ** non-accountable ************** ************* important ********** * ************** ********* **************** It ** *** *********** ********* that ensures ********** officials ********** **** ***** office is a ***** and onewhich they **** ****** ******* ** ***** ********** the ******************** **** ******* **** *** ****** ****** ********* ** market surrogate ********** ************* ***** thepeople do *** ****** ****** **** ****** ******* ** ****** **************** ** * ****** ************** ** often ************* reports *** ****** ******** and ** ****** ** **** ******* *********** It ** ********* ****** ****** **** ************* ************** ****** runs ************ ***** is ** ******* ************ of **** ************* the ******* ** *** ******** by military ****** ** ***************** The ****** ** ******* ***** excuse *** ******* ******** ************ ********** ******** ********* ***** themilitary *** *********** ** this paradox **** in *** fact thatthe ******** ******** all ************ **** *** ********************* * ************ *** media ******* ***** groupsetcThe non-accountable *** ************** ********* ** ************* when coupled **** *** ****** *********** ********* explainsthe 'softness' ** *** ******* ***** - *** ******** inability ******* ******* ** ********* **** *** ******* *** anomie *** ********* ** ******** ****** institutions ** *** ******** ****** tocater for peoples' ******** ******* would have **** better ******* *** ***** andfinal ********* ** the ******* *********** Character of *** ******* ******** ******* ***** is ** ****** one This ** because it ********* ** *** ******* ** ******** which ******** sharply with ********** The ***** are the *********** ***** ** ***** themajority ** the ******* ********** - ***** ********** ******************* *** particularistic qualities ** *** ****** **** ********** ** *** ***** **** ***** *** **** *** ****** normsassociated **** the ****** ***** ****** *** *** ************ ************** ************ *********** *** ********** ***** twoconceptions ** ***** *** *** *** scholar to ******* **** two ******* ******* * the civic ****** *** the ****** ****** ***** in ********** state the ****** being *** realm ***** *** raided ********** *** ****** ***** 1975)But Fred Riggs ****** *** ********* **** ** ** *** **** ********* *** norms co-exist *** one ** used ** enrich *** ***** butthat the existence ** the *** ***** lead ** ***** - conflictpolynormativism *** ********** ****** *** *********** **************** ******************* ***** ********* ********* **** only ** the ***** ************ are ***** *** ******** values It ***** **** **** ************** ** ********* the ***** **** this ***** ****** ********** *********** *** powers ** *** ******* ******* *** next ******* I ***** ******* *** implications ** ******** analysis *** governance *** *** ongoing ********* ************** ** the continentIV ************* *** African ****** *** ********* ** ************ Good ************ is heartening ** **** **** *** ***** and ***** **** turnedout to be * period ** which ******* ******* ****** *** ******** toreform economically *** politically ** **** as democratise ******* ****** *** analysis ** ******* ********* ***** thefollowing **************** **************** Progress ** *********** *********** ***** *********** since independence ********* ****** **************** Senegal)17 *********** *********** Revolutions/Elections (Benin BurkninaFaso Burundi **** ***** *** ******* **** ******* GabonGhana ******* ******** **** ***** Sao Tome *********** ********** ****** ********************* ********* ****** (16)Cameroon ***** ******** Equatorial Guinea Eritrea ************** Bissau ***** ****** Mauritania MozambiqueNigeria ***** ****** ******** Togo ******************** **** **** Problems (10)-Recovering **** ***** war: **** Liberia ********* Grips ** ***** war: ****** ******* Sudan-Military rulers ******** ** power: ****** **** SierraLeone ***** ******************* ********** ****** SwazilandSource: New African ******* *********** ****** ** democratising *** ******* * danger thatthe ******** **** ** ****** only ** multiparties *** electionsDesirable as ***** *** **** *** *** ********** to **** **** ************* ******** ****** above I **** indicate **** ** ********* **** **** should constitute **** of *** critical issuesthat **** ** ***** witha)Decentralization: There ** * **** to ************ statepower ** regional and ***** authorities ************* *** ************* ********* should ********** ** these ******** **** decentralisation ********** the ******** ** ******* ******** ***** *************** *** ********** to *** ***** *** provide ************* *** ***** level ******** ** *** ************ social **************** ****** *** ***** ******* ***** **** be * **** ********* ***** ************** by placing **** skilledpersonnel in *** field ****** than ** the ********** countries notably ***** ***** *** ******** ******** more ******** in **** **** **** othersb)Strengthen Accountability: There ** a need ** ********************** ** ************** ******* *** ************** ********* *** *** ********* Each ** ************* ******* ********* space ************ ************ *** higher *********** ** ********* toensure **** **** *** ********* their responsibilitieseffectively ********** *************** facilities14need to ** remedied especially ** *** *********** andjudicial ******** ***** two ************ ************ **** ********* rascality in the past ********* ** **** ** operate ** *********** ******** ***** government ***** ********** ***** ** *********************** ******* *************** ****** OperatorsProgrammes ** ************* have *** **** *************** in **** ******* ********* *** ** ************* and ********* ******** ******* ******* ******* ******** ** *** **** ** * competitive ******************* *** ********* **** in ***** the ************* can ** ******** ** ****** is *** ************** ********** ********** ** *** ******* sectorshould ** ********* ** bringing ****** legal ********** ** ******** ****** ********* ***** ******************** will **** to ********** the ******** ******** *************** ** Africad)Enhance ************ and ************ within *** ***************** ** * need to enhance coordination and ****************** the civil service This ***** ******************** charged **** ********** *** whole of the ************ to ensure **** costs *** ******* *** **** ******** service *** ***** ************* *********** ********* ******** ********** *** ** tackle *** ************* *********** *** civil ******* ***** ************* ******** shortages ********* ****************** and ************** structuresUnfortunately ******* attempts to tackle these ** ************* ** ******* donor ******** *** *** ************* *********** ***** ******* needed is * ******** motivated ************ ***** *** *** ** counterpoise ** *** ************** the ***** ******** of government develops theircapacity for *********** action ****** **** make thecivil ******* *********** and politicised ***** ************ be made ** ***** *** ******** civil servicepersonnel ******* the ***** service can ******** in15its traditional ***** ** ********* ****** ******** **** **** the civil service **** possess *** ******** forself reflection ******** and ************* with ************ *** civil ******* *** ************ *********** ******* ** work out ******** ******* forAfrican governments ** ** ******** *** **** **** ***** strategic ********** ** ************ ***** ** ************** of Japan *** *** ***** 'tigers' ***** ****** be ** more ********** ******** ** ******* ************* **** viewpointIn ********** *** new changes sweeping ******* Africapresent ************* for tackling ******* of *** ***** problemsconfronting *** African ***** On the ***** **** ***** *********** ******* the danger that **** *********** ******* **** beeffected Such ******* may ******* be enduring nor ************************** ****** ****** "Deeper Into Original **** ************* ****** Management ******** on Ethics in ********* ******* ******** ********** *** ************* ****** ** (1991) ********** African *************** York ************* PublishersCohen ****** ***** ***** ***** ****** * Nagan *** *********** ****** *** ********** ** ****** ******************** ** Florida ******** ****** (1993) A ********** ******** ** ***** ServiceReform In *********** Africa ********** ** World BankTechnical ***** ** ******** ***** ****** ****** ****** ******** ********** ************ PressMazrui *** (1986) *** ******** ****** *** ***************** ***** ****** ******* Political Thought: **** ********** the Age of ******** ********* ****** New ********************* ******* ** 321 October **** Special ****** ** ********* *** ********* ** ************ Dele (1988) ******* ***** Governments as ************* ******** *** ****** *********** The ****************** ***** of ***** Authorities17Wunsch ** ***** * Olowu eds (1990) *** ******* ** ************** ******* ****** Institution *** SelfGovernancein ****** Boulder Colorado ******** *****