When Goddard gave his IQ test to World War I military recruits, he included a scale that relied more heavily on pictures and acting out instructions....

When Goddard gave his IQ test to World War I military recruits, he included a scale that relied more heavily on pictures and acting out instructions. Still, he found 47 per cent of the men tested had a mental age of 13 or less. Why?

• The men were mentally defective.

• The test was culturally biased.

• The test required more creativity than the Alpha test.

• Goddard tested the men one at a time and discriminated against black recruits.