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Write a 20 page essay on Declarative Memory Consolidation: Mechanisms acting During Human Sleep.After the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by Aserinsky and Kleitman (1953), most studies wer
Write a 20 page essay on Declarative Memory Consolidation: Mechanisms acting During Human Sleep.
After the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by Aserinsky and Kleitman (1953), most studies were concerned with finding associations between sleep stages and memory consolidation. The prevailing hypothesis—influenced by psychoanalytic theory—was that new memory content would be reprocessed during dreaming, which was thought to occur during REM sleep (Feldman and Dement 1968. Empson and Clarke 1970. Chernik 1972. Lewin and Glaubman 1975). However, these studies, which all used declarative memory tasks, provided very mixed results and were criticized for methodological reasons, leading some researchers to reject a REM sleep-memory hypothesis completely (Vertes and Eastman 2000. Siegel 2001). The method used in these experiments, namely, REM sleep deprivation, was particularly strongly criticized for its nonspecific impairment of cognitive function (Born and Gais 2000). An experimental design preventing these unspecific effects of REM sleep deprivation was devised by Ekstrand and colleagues (Yaroush et al. 1971). They had subjects learn a paired-associate list of words before the first or the second half of the night. Then subjects slept for 3 h, and recall was tested after sleep. Because the first half of the night contains high amounts of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and the second half contains high amounts of REM sleep, they were able to compare sleep with different percentages of these sleep stages without disturbing the subjects' sleep.
