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A coding system based on "bits" of information read in groups of 3 is more than sufficient to code for all 20 amino acids. In fact, it is excessive....
1. A coding system based on "bits" of information read in groups of 3 is more than sufficient to code for all 20 amino acids. In fact, it is excessive. The number of different 3-base combinations involving 4 nucleotides is 4^3 or 64. With this many possible combinations, some amino acids are coded for by more than one 3-base sequence. For example, the mRNA sequences ACU, ACC, ACA, and ACG all code for the amino acid, threonine; the sequences GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG all code for the amino acid, alanine. Keeping in mind the results obtained by the whole class, how would redundancy in the genetic code influence whether a mutation in DNA would have an effect or not?
2. In your opinion, you may have found that some of your mutations were positive (e.g. you liked the color or taste better than the original "recipe"), negative (e.g. the taste was awful, the color doesn't match your outfit) or neutral ( e.g. ho-hum not a big deal; could take it or leave it). However, in the real world, what determines if a change in the genetic make-up (DNA mutation) is "good", "bad", or "has no effect"?
3. In the real world, what happens to organisms in which a genetic change has lead to a negative impact on appearance or ability to function adequately?
4. If the mutation that causes these negative impacts is inheritable (passed onto offspring), would you expect individuals carrying these mutations to become increasingly more common or less common in the population over time? Why?
5. Alternatively, if a mutation has a positive effect on survivorship, would you expect the expression of this mutation among members of a population to become increasingly more common or less common over time? Why?
