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Alteration in Na+, Cl-, and H2O I am having a hard time trying to understand:

Alteration in Na+, Cl-, and H2O

I am having a hard time trying to understand:

  • Isotonic,
  • Isotonic Fluid lost, Isotonic Fluid Excess
  • (Why did my book state that "it is caused by Hypovolemia and dehydration" & "Isotonic Fluid Excess is caused by hypervolemia" This make no sense. How is it normal but low and vice versa!)
  • Hypervolemia
  • Hypernatremia, Hyponatremia, and all those other electrolytes
  • Hypovolemia
  • Hypernatremia ,Hyponatremia, and all those other electrolytes
  • (Same question. Why will it be Hypovolemia Hypernaremia, if the both the Na+ and H2O is low, why is it Hypernatermia? Hypernatermia= >145 mEq/L. Since it went down shouldn't the Na+ be lower than 145?)

If there is any lab values, much will be appreciated. Thank you.

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