comment from post 4

Quantitative and qualitative research methods are both used in nursing research. Both methodologies complement each other because they are based on different ideologies that are useful in nursing practice.

Quantitative research is a formal, objective, rigorous, systematic process for generating numerical information about the world. Quantitative research is conducted to describe new situations, events, or concepts; examine relationships among variables; and determine the effectiveness of treatments or interventions on selected health outcomes in the world. (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015).

Advantages

• allow for a broader study, involving a greater number of subjects, and enhancing the generalisation of the results
• can allow for greater objectivity and accuracy of results. Generally, quantitative methods are designed to provide summaries of data that support generalisations about the phenomenon under study. In order to accomplish this, quantitative research usually involves few variables and many cases, and employs prescribed procedures to ensure validity and reliability
• using standards means that the research can be replicated, and then analyzed and compared with similar studies. Quantitative methods allow us to summarize vast sources of information and facilitate comparisons across categories and over time
• personal bias can be avoided by researchers keeping a 'distance' from participating subjects and employing subjects unknown to them

Disadvantages

• collect a much narrower and sometimes superficial dataset results are limited as they provide numerical descriptions rather than detailed narrative and generally provide less elaborate accounts of human perception
• the research is often carried out in an unnatural, artificial environment so that a level of control can be applied to the exercise. This level of control might not normally be in place in the real world yielding laboratory results as opposed to real world results
• in addition preset answers will not necessarily reflect how people really feel about a subject and in some cases might just be the closest match.
• the development of standard questions by researchers can lead to 'structural' bias and false representation, where the data actually reflects the view of them instead of the participating subject.

Example is a quantitative assessment of patient and nurse outcomes of bedside nursing report implementation (Sand-Jecklin, & Sherman, 2014)

Qualitative research is a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and

Situations and give them meaning, this research methodology evolved from the behavioral and social sciences as a method of understanding the unique, dynamic, holistic nature of humans (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015).

Advantages

• Provides depth and detail: looks deeper than analyzing ranks and counts by recording attitudes, feelings and behaviors
• Creates openness:encouraging people to expand on their responses can open up new topic areas not initially considered
• Simulates people's individual experiences:a detailed picture can be built up about why people act in certain ways and their feelings about these actions
• Attempts to avoid pre-judgements:if used alongside quantitative data collection, it can explain why a particular response was given

Disadvantages

• Usually fewer people studied: collection of qualitative data is generally more time consuming that quantitative data collection and therefore unless time, staff and budget allows it is generally necessary to include a smaller sample size.
• Less easy to generalize:because fewer people are generally studied it is not possible to generalize results to that of the population. Usually exact numbers are reported rather than percentages.
• Difficult to make systematic comparisons: for example, if people give widely differing responses that are highly subjective.
• Dependent on skills of the researcher:particularly in the case of conducting interviews, focus groups and observation.

Example is a qualitative study of nursing student experiences of clinical practice(Sharif & Masoumi 2005)

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