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Complete 16 page APA formatted essay: Cognitive and the social learning of autism.Download file to see previous pages... These states include beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, etc. Developing th

Complete 16 page APA formatted essay: Cognitive and the social learning of autism.

Download file to see previous pages...

These states include beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, etc. Developing this theory enables a person to reflect on the contents of one’s own mind and that of other people (Simon, 2001). By approximately four years of age, children having normal development can reason fluently about perceptions, desires, and goals of others. ToM has several origins in developing human bodies. One of them is imitation. Infants are able to imitate lip and tongue movements and other facial gestures. This shows that they are able to connect the acts of others with the acts of their own. As early as two weeks of age, they can imitate mouth opening, tongue protrusion, and eye movements. Infants try to map the acts of others to their goals by making self-produced movements that match the visual targets. They move their lips and face in comparison to the activities seen from others. This imitation can be extended to perception. If infants are given certain shape to feel with their mouths, and then withdrawn, they will concentrate more on the shapes are shown to them. This confirms that the visual attention was driven by what they felt. When infants are shown an unsuccessful act like aiming at a target, they can read the intentions of the shooter. They are able to understand persons by involving their goals and intentions. This understanding is necessary for developing communication. The memory of an infant forms lasting representations of perceived events. These memories are then used to generate motor reactions long after the event has passed. If an infant is subjected to some sound accompanied by a visual image of a vowel pronunciation, the infant will make similar lip movement when the sound is replayed. This implies that the infant is able to associate the sound with the lip movement of the image. Infants use imitation and event perceptions as part of their social development. They can match the behavior they detect and their own behavioral productions. Doherty (2009) explains that children can predict behavior by knowing the desires of an individual. Mind blindness is the failure or inability to attribute mental states (desires and beliefs) to self and others. This condition exists in children with autism, and impairs social interaction and communication. The ability to read, understand and predict the behavior of others in relation to their intentions lacks or is poorly developed in people with autism (Frith, 2001). For example, John has a box and Sam has a bucket. John puts a tennis ball in the box and leaves. Sam picks up the ball and hides it in the bucket. When children are asked where John will look for the ball, normal children will guess that he will look for it in the box. This looks obvious, but for children with autism they fail to guess the correct answer. They say that he will look for the ball in Sam’s bucket. These children are unable to understand deception and the belief that John will look for the ball where he left it. Another example is where a teacher mentions a new word while showing a certain image. Children with autism are unable to map the word and the image when it is moved. The child fails to create a memory that relates the image to the sound. Mind blindness makes such children less responsive to emotions displayed by other people. TOM deals with relating to emotions, beliefs, and communication with others.

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