Compose a 1000 words essay on The use of the triple MMR Vacination. Needs to be plagiarism free!Download file to see previous pages... The introduction of Polyvalent Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) vaccin

Compose a 1000 words essay on The use of the triple MMR Vacination. Needs to be plagiarism free!

The introduction of Polyvalent Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) vaccination in several countries has shown predictably good results. Wakefield et al (1998,p.637) published a sensational report in the journal Lancet linking MMR vaccine, Pervasive Developmental disorder and bowel disease. The group examined 12 children with loss of acquired skills and presenting with bowel symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating of stomach and food intolerance. Details of History, Immunizations administered, the time of administration of immunizations, examination by neurologists, Psychiatrists and Gastroenterologist apart from Ileanocolonoscopy, MRI Brain, EEG, Evoked Potentials, Urinary methylmalonic acid and other tests, ileal and colonic biopsies were done. Progressive developmental delay (Autism) was diagnosed in 10 cases and in 8, history of MMR vaccination 1 to 14 days before the onset of behavioral symptoms was noticed. Post vaccinial encephalitis in 2 other cases was diagnosed. 9 children had lymphoid nodular hyperplasia of colon and rectum. Crohn's disease was diagnosed in 4 cases. The authors opined that there was evidence of Anaemia and IgA deficiency, which may be the consequences of, inflamed or dysfunctional intestines, which are in turn related to, behavioral changes in Autistic disorder. The fall out of this stunning paper had far reaching consequences on the acceptance of MMR vaccine in the public. Walling (2005,p.517) report that MMR coverage in U.K fell from 92% in 1996 to 82% in 2003 and outbreaks of measles followed this reduced acceptance and fear by the public. This issue was debated in U.S congressional meetings too.

There were series of papers rebutting the claims by Wakefield group between 1999 and 2002. Some of them are presented here. Kaye et al (2001,p.460) did a time series analysis for yearly trends looking for MMR vaccination and relation with autism between 1988 and 1999 among children aged 12 years or younger from the UK general practice database. They could identify 305 cases with Autism during that period. An increase of seven fold, 0.3 per 10 000 person years in 1988 to 2.1 per 10 000 person years was observed in the incidence of Autism. The median age of first recorded case was 4.6 years, which remained fairly, stable over the decade. All these years more than 95% of the population had been vaccinated with MMR vaccine, meaning it was fairly constant. The risk of Autism was seen to have raised four fold in a subset of 110 boys aged 2 to 5 years. The distribution of age when the first MMR vaccination administered was same as in the general population. It has been observed that the MMR vaccination was given around 15 months of age and the cases of Autism were first reported at 2 years of age denoting a large time lag in the onset of Autism if it was due to the vaccine. There did not appear any relation between MMR vaccine and the rising incidence of cases of Autism for it should have fairly remained stable over years if that was the cause. The increase in the incidence of Autism was opined as increase in the awareness in general public about the signs and symptoms due to public health education. The study only lacks in inability to obtain full details of the disease from the general practitioners.

Black et al (2002,p.