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Compose a 1250 words assignment on description of four research methods. Needs to be plagiarism free!

Compose a 1250 words assignment on description of four research methods. Needs to be plagiarism free! An example of content analysis as a research method is demonstrated in the work of Pfau, et al. (2005), in which they review the effect of the embedding of journalists in the military units involved in the invasion and occupation of Iraq on the tone and message displayed in television news reports. Content analysis was conducted of television news reports aired on four major networks (ABC, CBS, CNN, and NBC), and the results were compared based on whether the coverage for each report depended upon embedded or non-embedded journalists.

Pfau, et al. (2005), indicated that embedded news sources displayed an overall tone that was more favorable toward the military in general and depicted military personnel in a more favorable light. Embedded sources tended to use greater levels of episodic frames, eliciting more positive relational cues. By contrast, unilateral or non-embedded sources tended to minimize the use of episodic framing and tended to depict the military as a whole, as well as individuals in the military, in a less positive tone. As an aside, the study also found uniform indications that the news stories of the initial invasion and early occupation were more positively reported and employed greater episodic framing than the stories about the Iraq occupation as it drew on.

Shawver (2006) defines content analysis as a procedure that studies natural communications, using a matrix of concepts to focus the study and allow for evaluation of specific processes. In general, the analysis is not concerned directly with the actual content of the message but rather the process of speech (i.e. questioning, advising, informing, etc.), and in the tone and structure of the presentation. Multiple systems can be applied to the same data over time, as well, allowing additional analysis and investigation.

A striking example of a longitudinal study can be found in the work of D'Angio et al. (2002), in the 15-year follow-up of children born severely premature and treated with surfactant therapy. An initial pool of 213 infants born at ages before 29 weeks of gestation across three years (1985-87) had shrunk to a field of 132 of which 127 were evaluated across three years (1992-95), and 126 were re-evaluated in 2000.

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