Create a 8 page essay paper that discusses Gender Differences on Littering Cigarette in Public Space.These studies however have used contrasting definitions on what litter is, mainly varying on what i

Create a 8 page essay paper that discusses Gender Differences on Littering Cigarette in Public Space.

These studies however have used contrasting definitions on what litter is, mainly varying on what is included and excluded. Researchers have set minimum and maximum volumes to be regarded as litter. This makes it futile to combine the results from these studies. In this term paper the following definition of litter is used :‘Those forms of trash that are accumulated by people throwing away or leaving behind artifacts they consider functionless in places not officially intended or designated for such the purpose, or that end up in such places by indirect action or inaction of people.’. Trash therefore means items for which the proper way of disposal would be to put them in a trash receptacle, like an astray or a waste bin. With this limitation it is possible to distinguish some major sub-categories of litter by their nature and how people acquired it, namely: packaging materials and disposables such as coffee cups, leaflets and product remains like cigarette butts. The following three literature reviews attempt to demonstrate and support the hypothesis that males would litter a cigarette butt on public rather than litter on a cigarette receptacle, more than female. In a research article by Chris G. Sibley and James H. Liu entitled “Differentiating Active and Passive Littering” A two-stage design of littering trends in public places differentiated active littering and passive littering. The difference between active littering when a person drops litter and continues walking and passive littering when a person drops litter on a bench and forgets to clear it when leaving depends on the potential when the litter is put in the environment and failure to clear the litter when leaving the premises (Chris and James, 2003). Results from this research suggested passive littering was more defiant to change than active littering. Posted feedback significantly reduced cigarette littering by 19% (21% drop in active littering, 7% rise in passive littering) and non-cigarette littering by 18%. The chances of littering therefore increased with the dormancy when litter was put in the area and when the person left the premise. This supported the hypothesis of littering in public places. In another research article by Reno, Raymond R.. Cialdini, Robert B.. Kallgren entitled “The trans situational influence of social norms.” The research conducts three studies and examined the behavioral effects of a conceptual differentiation between types of social norms: descriptive norms that specify what is done typically in a setting and injunctive norms that specify what is approved in society (Reno et al 1993). Using the social norms in opposition to littering, injunctive norm procedures were huge in their behavioral effects across situations than descriptive norm unique procedures. Focusing the research on the injunctive norm contained littering to manageable levels regardless of how clean the environment was. Conceptual consequences for a theory of normative behavior are discussed with practical consequences for increasing desirable behavior. This research supports the fact that littering in public places by either gender is as a result of social norms and normative behavior. The issue that males would litter a cigarette butt on public rather than litter on a cigarette receptacle more than females is addressed in the article by Ojedokun Oluyinka and Balogun, S. K.