How do you explain Le Chatelier's principle?

states that if a "stress" is placed on a system that is at equilibrium, the system will shift in such a way to relieve that stress.

Here's a brief overview, but I'll provide longer definitions if you want to read it:

The "stress" on a system can be attributed to:

• Changing the concentration of the reactants or products
• Altering the temperature of the system
• Changing the pressure of the system

I'll list explanations of each stress below, along with a few illustrations to make Le Chatelier's principle easier to understand.

Let's say you have this chemical reaction: ##HCl + H_2O rarr H_3O^+ +Cl^-##

If you increase the concentration of one of the reactants, let's say ##HCl##, the system will shift to the right (towards the products). This is because the system was at equilibrium until we added more ##HCl##. Since you now have excess acid, the system will shift in the forward direction to relief that added stress and consume the excess reactant by creating more products.

Now if you remove one of the products say, ##H_3O^+##, the system will shift towards the products. This is due to the fact that we removed a product and so we have to regenerate it to make up for what was lost.

Let's use the same chemical reaction and assume that it is endothermic. ##Heat +HCl + H_2O rightleftharpoons H_3O^+ +Cl^-##

If the temperature is increased, the reaction will proceed from the reactants to the products. This is because you now have additional energy in the form of heat so the system wants to shift away from that extra heat and consume it in order to restore equilibrium.

Now, let's say that the chemical reaction happened to be exothermic.

##HCl + H_2O rightleftharpoonsH_3O^+ +Cl^- "+Heat##

If we decrease the temperature, the reaction will proceed towards the products because the system must regenerate the heat that was lost.

Now, we'll use another chemical reaction:

##CO_2(g) rightleftharpoons CO(g) + O(g)##

If we increase the pressure of ##CO(g)##, the system will shift towards the reactants because it has a fewer number of moles of gas. But if you decrease the pressure of ##CO_2(g)##, the system will shift towards the reactants since it has to reproduce the ##CO_2## that was taken away.