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I will pay for the following essay Ultrasound Treatment of Tremors and Parkinson's Disease. The essay is to be 8 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page.The resul
I will pay for the following essay Ultrasound Treatment of Tremors and Parkinson's Disease. The essay is to be 8 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page.
The resulting classic clinical features in PD include a resting tremor, poverty of facial expressions, difficulty initiating and stopping movements (bradykinesia), muscle rigidity, asymmetric onset, and impairment of postural reflexes. The first complaint may be a difficulty with fine tasks, such as writing and buttoning a shirt (10). Considering the debilitating nature of the disease, many preventive and curative approaches have been used for its treatment. These include medications, botulinum toxin injections, and neurosurgical approaches. Drugs commonly used include those with dopamine agonist activity, such as levodopa and clozapine. Anticholergics are also used, and other second-line drugs include propranolol, amantadine and clonazepam. Although these medications are generally effective, some PD patients’ tremor does not respond to first-line or second-line medications, and surgery- or, in other words, invasive ‘neuromodulation’ - is attempted. ...
Some are invasive, while others are non-invasive procedures. These neuromodulation techniques are reported to achieve good to excellent tremor control while posing minimal risks to the patient (6). However, there are many important limitations with these techniques. For instance, deep brain stimulation involves complex neurosurgery and neurostimulators that require periodic battery replacements. Vagus nerve stimulation and other techniques that are non-invasive have poor spatial resolution. The use of functional MRI has improved the safety and usability of these techniques, however, it is a cumbersome, expensive addition to the procedure. There would be, therefore, many potential benefits of using a non-invasive procedure that did not entail these limitations (1). Therapeutic Ultrasound for Tremors and Parkinson’s Disease Ultrasound technology is widely used in diagnostic imaging. It involves mechanical vibrations above the threshold of human hearing of 16 kHz. Ultrasound can be emitted from a transducer to penetrate tissue and reflect off it, allowing capture of reflected waves and formation of an image. Ultrasound beams can also be focused by transducers to a width of only a few millimeters, and targeted on specific tissue. The following figure demonstrates how a high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer is used to target ultrasound onto a selected lesion site (3), (9). History of Therapeutic Ultrasound Therapeutic ultrasound in neurosciences for the treatment of chronic and severe neurologic disorders has been under experiment for decades. One of the earliest reports of ultrasound treatment came in 1948, where Denier treated 3 neurological disease patients, including one with Parkinson’s disease, by focused ultrasound to the diencephalons.
