Question 1 (5 points) Research into the mere exposure phenomenon finds that simple exposure between two groups of people is not enough to reduce...

Question 1 (5 points)

Research into the mere exposure phenomenon finds that simple exposure between two groups of people is not enough to reduce prejudice, but rather __________.

Question 1 options:

groups exposed to each other will be able to reduce prejudice as long as the reasons for their feelings are not actively discussed, thus preventing arguments that can lead to violence

groups will only reduce prejudice if they interact in a setting where negativity and prejudice are overtly and covertly discouraged, like in a church or temple

groups being exposed to those about whom they hold prejudice only serves to increase those tensions

groups working together in a cooperative manner helps reduce prejudice

SaveQuestion 2 (5 points)

__________ are considered to be lasting, while __________ are more transient, or temporary.

Question 2 options:

Idiographic traits; nomothetic states

States; traits

Traits; states

Nomothetic states; idiographic traits

SaveQuestion 3 (5 points)

Omar is walking through the shopping mall with three of his buddies, when all of the sudden they come across a curious scene. Four girls are verbally abusing a fifth girl, and it is clear that a physical altercation is about to occur. Omar stands quietly watching the scene, until two of his friends step in to try to break up the fracas. When they intervene, Omar steps in as well, providing greater assurance that a fight is not going to take place. In this case, Omar's group of friends served as a __________ group for Omar's behavior.

Question 3 options:

pressure

conformity

normative

reference

SaveQuestion 4 (5 points)

Behavior that is carried out with the goal of helping others is called __________ behavior.

Question 4 options:

cooperative

altruistic

prosocial

reciprocal

SaveQuestion 5 (5 points)

One form of a self-fulfilling prophecy is called a stereotype __________, where people who are aware of a negative stereotype directed against them might perform down to the level of expectation that they believe exists about them.

Question 5 options:

exposure

threat

bias

confirmation

SaveQuestion 6 (5 points)

Which of the following is an accurate limitation of all personality questionnaires?

Question 6 options:

The questions are more difficult for children to answer, and thus they cause us to over-pathologize kids.

The questions tend to be racially biased in favor of white individuals.

The questions tend to be transparent, so it is possible to present yourself differently than you actually are.

The questions favor male respondents and handicap female respondents.

SaveQuestion 7 (5 points)

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that influenced obedience in the Stanley Milgram experiment?

Question 7 options:

An intermediary bystander is present.

The participant is affected by normative and informational influence.

The victim is kept at a distance and is depersonalized.

the promise of an increased reward or incentive for increased obedience

SaveQuestion 8 (5 points)

The work of Solomon Asch showed how __________, or susceptibility to the opinions of others, can cause people to conform.

Question 8 options:

social inhibition

suggestibility

diffuse social boundaries

persuasiveness

SaveQuestion 9 (5 points)

The __________ effect refers to a person's unconscious mimicry of other people's expressions, behaviors, and voice tones.

Question 9 options:

chameleon

imitative

contagion

social influence

SaveQuestion 10 (5 points)

What is the purpose of a defense mechanism from the psychodynamic perspective?

Question 10 options:

make sure that we make rational decisions that are based on reason and logic

make sure that people who are negative and can have a negative effect on our lives are kept outside of our consciousness

keep unpleasant thoughts and motivations in our unconscious mind

keep us from developing psychological pathologies that can cause problems in our lives

SaveQuestion 11 (5 points)

What is the basic underlying reason why we tend to make attributional mistakes?

Question 11 options:

We generally do not pay enough attention to our surroundings, and thus miss essential information that would help us avoid attributional mistakes.

We generally are quick to assume the worst of intents in other people, so this leads us to attributional mistakes.

We are more concerned with getting an attribution made quickly than getting it made correctly, and this causes us to make mistakes.

We don't have enough information to know why a person behaved as they did, so we make rapid assumptions.

SaveQuestion 12 (5 points)

Wendy is walking down the street when she suddenly falls down and lands squarely on her backside. A group of girls standing about fifty feet away start laughing hysterically, telling each other what a klutz that Wendy is. The unsympathetic girls in this group are making a(n. __________ attribution to explain why Wendy fell down.

Question 12 options:

situational

negative

positive

dispositional

SaveQuestion 13 (5 points)

Social psychologist Leon Festinger coined the term cognitive __________ to refer to a disconnect between a person's internal attitudes and his or her external behavior.

Question 13 options:

disproportionality

discontinuity

inattentiveness

dissonance

SaveQuestion 14 (5 points)

Which of the following factors is not related to an increased tendency to cooperate with others?

Question 14 options:

having no concern about damage to your own reputation

experiencing norms of fairness

feeling a high level of personal accountability

experiencing a shared identity with a group

SaveQuestion 15 (5 points)

Raymond Cattell, attempting to transform the first published list of personality descriptors, used a statistical technique called __________, which identifies correlations and common clusters in a larger group. These clusters were used to define Cattell's theory of sixteen personality traits.

Question 15 options:

structural equation modeling

factor analysis

binomial linear regression

canonical correlations

SaveQuestion 16 (5 points)

Evelyn is in a particularly bad mood because the promotion that she'd hoped to receive at the bank where she works did not come through. When she gets home, and her children come running up to her with several demands, she yells at them to go in the other room and leave her alone. Evelyn's outburst is explained by the __________ hypothesis.

Question 16 options:

frustration-aggression

mere exposure

conflict projection

reciprocal altruism

SaveQuestion 17 (5 points)

The fact that many American citizens don't vote in the presidential election is often explained by the fact that individuals do not believe that their vote matters. They think that being just one vote in a nation of millions makes them unimportant. In a general way, this is an example of social __________.

Question 17 options:

loafing

deindividuation

diffusion

anomie

SaveQuestion 18 (5 points)

Annabelle was driving along when the car in front of her stopped suddenly. She stomped on the brake and avoided a collision by just a few inches. "Wow, it's a good thing I'm such a good driver," Annabelle thought. Sometime later, Annabelle was in an accident where she rear-ended a different vehicle. She told the officer, "Well, you see, it was dark and the road was wet. It was not possible for me to stop in time!" Annabelle's different responses to her successful or failed attempt to avoid an accident demonstrates the __________.

Question 18 options:

self-serving bias

attractiveness bias

availability heuristic

fundamental attribution error

SaveQuestion 19 (5 points)

Why is the concept of reciprocal altruism fundamentally paradoxical?

Question 19 options:

Because altruistic behavior - true altruistic behavior - has been found by research to be nonexistent since there is no action without a desire for reward.

Because the concept of expecting to be repaid for an altruistic action negates the altruistic characteristic of the action in the first place.

Because it is not possible for altruistic behaviors to be bidirectional. They can only go from one person to another, and cannot be "repaid."

Because the human animal is incapable of engaging in distinctly cooperative behavior; research suggests that egoism is the norm for all actions.

SaveQuestion 20 (5 points)

The __________ approach to studying personality is a method of interpreting personality data that is variable-centered and focuses on finding consistent patterns of relationships among individuals' traits.

Question 20 options:

idiographic

nomothetic

collectivist

individualistic