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The physical layer (layer 1) which resides in the OSI model converts bits into oltage for transmission. Signals and voltage schemes have different meanings for different networking technologies. I
The physical layer (layer 1) which resides in the OSI model converts bits into oltage for transmission. Signals and voltage schemes have different meanings for different networking technologies. In other words, the physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. Protocols employed at the physical layer include: ISDN, DSL, SONET, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Infrared, RF, and USB. Hardware employed at the physical layer includes: Cables (Ethernet, Fiber, Coax), Hubs, Repeaters, and patch panels.
The datalink layer (layer 2) which resides in the OSI model is where the network stack knows what format the data frame must be in to transmit properly over the variety of networks that are employed. This is particularly important since LAN and WAN technologies can use different protocols, network interface cards, cables and transmission methods. Accordingly, each of these components has a different header data format structure, and they interpret electricity voltages in different ways, hence the datalink formatting objective. Protocols employed at the datalink layer include: ARP, RARP, PPP, SLIP, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. Hardware employed at the datalink layer includes: Modems, Network Interface Cards, and layer 2 switches.
The network layer (layer 3) which resides in both the OSI model and TCP/IP model is designated to insert information into the packet’s header, so it can be properly addressed and routed, and then to actually route the packets to their proper destination. The protocols at the network layer must determine the best path. Protocols employed at the network layer include: IP, ICMP, IGMP, RIP, OSPF, and IPX. Hardware employed at the network layer includes: routers, brouters, and layer 3 switches.
Harris, Shon. (2013). CISSP All in One Exam Guide. Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill. New York, NY.
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