Which of the following statements about the p-value is true?

Which of the following statements about the p-value is true?

Select one:

a. It indicates the probability of seeing results as far or farther from the null as the observed result, by chance alone (given that the null hypothesis is true)

b. It indicates the probability that the null hypothesis is true

c. It rules out the role of bias and/or confounding (given that the alternative hypothesis is true)

d. It indicates that the observed results are of medical or public health importance.