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Write a 4 page essay on Psycology articles comparison.Download file to see previous pages... Various experiments have been undertaken to study the behavior of human and even animals under the field of
Write a 4 page essay on Psycology articles comparison.
Download file to see previous pages...Various experiments have been undertaken to study the behavior of human and even animals under the field of psychology, and results generated, which explained the occurrence of certain behaviors. One such significant research experiment in the discipline of psychology is the Little Albert experiment. The Little Albert experiment This was an experiment that was conducted at Johns Hopkins University, by John B. Watson with the help of Rosalie Rayner, who was his assistant in 1920, aimed at studying classical conditioning in humans (Harris, 1979. Beck, Levinson, &. Irons, 2009). While observing children playing in the field, John B. Watson developed a notion that the way children reacted whenever they heard some noise was prompted by fear. Therefore, he wanted to study the relationship between the fearful behavior of children whenever they heard some noise, and the real causative agent. His reasoning was that the response to noise by children was as a result of a fear that is innate, which only required some forces to trigger the reaction (Surhone, Timpledon &. Marseken, 2010). Having learnt from the previous classical conditioning experiment by Ivan Pavlov who had used dogs, John B. Watson sought to condition a child to fear a different stimulus other than noise, which could normally not be feared by the child. The methodology entailed the use of an emotionally stable child (Little Albert), who was 9 nine months old. He was first introduced to various fear stimuli for the first time, which included a white rabbit, a rat, a dog, a monkey, burning newspapers, and masks with and without hair (Surhone, Timpledon &. Marseken, 2010). This being undertaken as a baseline emotional test, the child was observed to exhibit no fear reactions. After the baseline test, Albert was placed on a mattress on top of a table, which was then taken into a single room, where he was given a white rat from the laboratory to play with it (Surhone, Timpledon &. Marseken, 2010). Initially, he did not exhibit any fear reactions, and he even played with the rat by reaching at it and touching it. The experiment was then set such that a steel bar was introduced and suspended behind Albert, and then Watson and Rosalie Rayner could strike the steel bar with a hammer, whenever Albert reached and touched the rat (DeAngelis, 2010). The child responded by crying and showing fear, whenever the steel bar was struck and the loud sound produced, when he touched the rat. After several pairing of the stimuli (touching of the rat by Albert with the loud bang sound on from the struck steel bar), the experiment was then re-organized such that the striking of the steel bar was removed, and Albert was introduced to the rat only in the closed empty room. This time, it was observed that he became very distressed whenever the rat appeared in the room, and instead of reaching to play with it like he was doing before, he started turning away and tried to move away from the rat (Surhone, Timpledon &. Marseken, 2010). The results now found that the child had associated the initial neutral stimulus (white laboratory rat), with the unconditioned stimulus (loud banging sound of the steel bar), and was therefore exhibiting conditioned response (fearful emotional response such as crying and moving away).
