Provide a 6 pages analysis while answering the following question: The Role of Procoagulant Microparticles in Hemostasis. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Gui

Provide a 6 pages analysis while answering the following question: The Role of Procoagulant Microparticles in Hemostasis. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Circulating MPs support cellular cross-talk under pathological conditions leading to vascular inflammation and tissue remodeling, leukocyte adhesion, endothelial dysfunction, and stimulation. Functional tissue factor and exposed membrane phosphatidylserine are procoagulant entities produced by circulating MPs.

Platelet-derived MPs contain anionic phospholipid PS, which makes them strongly procoagulant. The removal of MPs from the blood of normal human plasma prolongs the clotting time (Ahn, 2005). Platelet-derived MPs support thrombin generation in plasma without platelets, which are important for blood clotting. Platelets form an important substrate for coagulation and their membranes provide a surface for the formation of the prothrombinase complex. This enzyme is utilized in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin which combines with other factors to form a stable clot (Lawrie et al, 2009). The availability of platelet MPs at the site of vessel injury contributes to the clotting process by providing a large surface membrane necessary for the enzymatic process. The exposure of phosphatidylserine during thrombin generation increases the enzymatic catalytic effect. The large surface formed by MPs is necessary for activating the coagulation cascade leading to the formation of the fibrin clot.

Circulating MPs harbor cytoplasmic effectors or functional membrane that promotes prothrombotic responses (Ay et al, 2009). They transfer their procoagulant potential to target when bearing appropriate counter ligands. They have the ability to bind to soluble and immobilized fibrinogen leading to the formation of aggregates that enables the delivery of procoagulant entities. In vitro, the interaction between endothelial MPs and monocytes promotes tissue factor (TF) and TF-dependent procoagulant activity. TF is a constituent protein in minute amounts that switches the procoagulant properties of the endothelium towards the initiation of a clotting TF-driven process. Blood-borne TF can be trapped within the developing thrombus by means of CD15, CD18, and TF-dependent interactions. Blood-borne TF is mainly harbored by PMPs and monocyte-derived MPs provide the enzyme after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Polynuclear leukocytes and endothelial-derived MPs also produce blood-borne TF under drastic endothelial activation. These MPs provide the required amount of TF and circulate the enzyme, which is necessary for maintaining a hemostatic balance.